The process of reading words and naming colour words may interfere with each other and the Stroop effect can test that. This relates back to the cognitive processes: controlled and automatic. Processes that require attention from the individual, voluntary and are usually slow are controlled. Automatic processes are involuntary and usually fast. The theory also says that capacity limitation was unaffected, which means that at the same time, other performances would not be affected.
Change Blindness: A Vision Phenomenon Kayla Miller Morningside College Abstract This paper discusses the phenomenon of change blindness or inattentional blindness. Change blindness is the failure to notice obvious changes or events in our visual environment (Robinson- Riegler & Robinson-Riegler, 2008). In this study, a flicker paradigm was used. A flicker paradigm is when an original and a modified image continually alternate, one after the other, with a brief blank field between the two. The results clearly indicate that reaction time was quicker when the change appeared in the center of the screen rather than the marginal region of the screen.
The material that is used to temporarily remember these lists is called short-term memory or working memory. The working memory stores memory in an active or temporary stage and only holds information for a short time, and is forgotten or lost without rehearsal. There are two theories in relation to forgetting, interference theory and decay theory. Simply, interference occurs when the new information causes the forgetting the old information, and the decay causes us to forget because of the passing of time and the decay of a memory. There are two types of interference that are most remarkable in psychological theory and research, retroactive interference and proactive interference.
Because of the limited capacity of the STM, words from the middle of the list are thought to be lost completely or unavailable for recall. Case Study of K.F. - Shallice & Warrington (1970) I think that this study proves that the different parts of the multi-store model can be damaged separately because K.F's LTM was unaffected by the motorbike accident while his STM was severely damaged. Case Study of H.M. - Milner et al (1978) This study also supports the theory that the multi-store model can be affected as individual parts because while H.M's STM and LTM both worked almost normally, he lost the ability to transfer the information from the STM to the LTM, however he could recall information from the LTM to the
He gave participants two lists with similar or dissimilar acoustic and semantic words. He found that the PS had difficulty in recalling the acoustically similar words in STM, but not in LTM. This is the total opposite to the semantic lists, that where easily remembered in the STM test. In general, STM appears to story all information acoustically. However, some tests have shown that visual codes are also stored in STM.
He reasoned that “commonsense resolution of the matter alone cannot resolve the issue”. He started off by presenting the different kinds of memory and all its complexities, which are simplified by schemas (or schemata). Schemas, he said is “the most useful discovery of memory researchers”. He mentioned the specific schemas and went into exhaustive details to support his argument: scene schema, single event schema or scripts, story schema and central role schema. He also went on to classify three distinctive levels of structure in the formation of memory (lifetime periods, resulting periodization and sensory details).
Outline and Evaluate the Working Memory Model The working memory model (WM) explains why we can do two different tasks at the same time, but not two similar tasks. It replaced the idea of a unitary short term memory (STM) In the working memory model information is passed from STM to the central executive and this decides if the information is visual or auditaory. Information is then passed to the corrersponding store. The central executive is a key componant of the WM. It directs information from STM to one of the "slave systems" It also has a very limited capacity and duration so can't attend to too many things at once.
We see that George is 'sharp' and 'defined which relates to his mental ability as it is also 'sharp'. We see this relationship between appearance and mental ability with the description of Lennie. Lennie is described as 'shapeless' giving us the idea of a fuzzy and potentially less apt mind. Therefore already in the first chapter we see how Lennie and George are presented by Steinbeck to convey their mental abilities and their social status/ occupation. The actions that Lennie and George are written to have done by Steinbeck
So there are some confounding variables that can alter your ability to remember some words, rather than just rehearsal, or attention, as suggested in the multi-store memory model. Of course, this experiment lacks mundane realism, but tested many Participants, and produced quantative data, in controlled laboratory conditions, such can be considered to be
Furthermore, modeling situations that relied solely on knowledge and computation were rarely able to predict outcomes in reality (Oatley, 31). Oatley suggested these differences arise due to the current CRUM models’ ability to devise technical plans, but inability to account for emotions which are intrinsically tied to cognition (Oatley, 31). The importance of emotions in mental representations and procedures will be discussed throughout the remainder of the