Cyanide is a poison that very specifically blocks the transport of electrons in the electron transport chain. Based on the purpose of this part of cellular respiration, why would you hypothesize that cyanide is so deadly? (1 mark) Cyanide binds to the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme inhibiting the transfer of electrons from fourth complex to the oxygen molecule; cyanide is so deadly because it prevents the oxidative phosphorylation. The tissues (primarily brain and heart) that produce ATP aerobically can no longer use oxygen for the energy production, therefore, they start producing energy anaerobically which affects the functioning of tissues and after sometime the tissues can no longer produce energy which ultimately leads to
Carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct which is a waste that requires to be excreted. Active transport requires cellular energy in the form of ATP (primary), and energy stored (secondary). Eventually the cells begin to die and the active transport pumps shut down the plasma membranes of Joseph’s heart. Question C: Which intracellular organelles have membranes as part of their structure? How would the breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of Joseph’s heart cells?
NADH competitively inhibits enzymes in glycolysis as an example of negative feedback B. The activity of the Krebs cycle drops when there is a high concentration of ATP C. ATP acts on a regulatory site of phosphofructokinase to stop the 2nd phosphate addition D. ATP binds to an allosteric site on an enzyme in the Krebs cycle (9) Which of the following is not an intermediate of the Krebs Cycle? A. Oxaloacetate B. Succinyl CoA C. G3P D. Malate (10) In the ETC… A. Electrons are pulled from one complex to the next due to electronegativity differences B. NADH has lower potential energy than FADH2 C. O2 is the final electron acceptor D. Iron containing proteins within the OMM are being reduced and oxidized (11) In the thylakoid membrane, the proton gradient is generated from which of the following? A.
How would the breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of Joseph’s heart cells? His heart cells would start spilling enzymes normally kept within the cell membranes. D. Two important pieces of information- the instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease- are both within the cell on which structure? Mitochondrial DNA is the predisposition for a family history of heart disease, genetics. RNA will help repair the cells.
(Chem4kids, 2004) Before discussing the effects and uses of catalysts I should elaborate on what they are. A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction. This lowered requirement allows more molecules to participate in a reaction at any given time, increasing the reaction rate. However catalysts are very specific and will only work with particular molecules. (See diagram right.)
For example, it has been hypothesized that mutations in mitochondrial DNA accelerate free radical damage by introducing altered enzyme components into the electron transport chain. Faulty electron transport consequently results in elevated free radical leakage and ultimately more mitochondrial DNA mutation and exacerbated oxidant production. This vicious cycle of mutation and oxidant production may then eventually lead to cellular/organ failure, and senescence (Mandavilli et al 2002). Another hypothesis argues that free radicals cause aging because of the accumulation of oxidized proteins in cells. The age-dependent reduction in the capacity of degradation of oxidized proteins may be responsible for the build-up of damaged, dysfunctional molecules in the cell (Shringarpure and Davies 2002).
This is where the reactions occurs. From there the enzyme breaks the bond in the substrate and the enzyme can continue to repeat the process. Catalase is an enzyme found in almost all living organisms. In the human body it is an enzyme that is produced by our liver to break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Even though hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced by our body as a byproduct of our metabolic process, it is very toxic to our body.
These consequences affect all the organ systems in the body. (Carol Mattson Porth, Glenn Matfin 2009) Cause: The presented patient scenario along with the information given indicate that Ms. Smith suffers from ARF that is caused by severe dehydration. This severe dehydration in turn produces Prerenal acute renal failure due to decrease renal blood flow and decrease glomerular perfusion and filtration. Based on the above patient diagnosis the labs would be as follows: K or potassium will be elevated to more than the normal ratio: K >5 Creatinine elevated: >2 Bun elevated: >20 Urea & sulfate will be elevated Sodium levels will be normal or low Calcium will be low & phosphate will be high. Hgb will be low: <12 Urinalysis: patient has low urine output and urine will have low specific gravity.
The reaction rate of this reaction is controlled by an enzyme called Luciferase which acts as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a chemical which interacts with the substrate in the reaction in order to alter the rate of the chemical
The products of this stage are passed down into the next stages. The 2 molecules of pyruvate are passed down to the oxidation of pyruvate, and NADH will be used for the electron transport chain. The rest of the products, 4 ATP, ADP, and P, are used where needed in the cell. After glycolysis occurs, oxidation of pyruvate takes places in the mitochondrial matrix. During this stage,