Cherry (2009), “Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment” (para 1). B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as, B.F. Skinner, was a behaviorist and studied operant conditioning. According to Cherry (2009), “Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (para 1). Skinner elaborated on Edward Thorndike’s observations that behavior was controlled by consequences of the actions.
In most instances, psychological debriefing teams arrive on the site of the trauma, especially, when its an incident that involves a mass of people. Devilly and Cotton, perceived that psychological debriefing does more harm than good to enhance lives. Emmerik et al (2002) concluded that psychological debriefing did not change the long-term outcome, and CISD was seen as a hinderance in the recovery process. (2.) Authors, Devilly and Cotton, proposed that CISD and CISM are one in the same, and its methods are undefinable.
Labelling theory suggests that “deviants are those people who have been successfully labelled as such by others” (Kendall, Murray, Linden, 2003:206). By labelling others as deviants, self identity is created. When people accept a negative label that has been assigned to them, “the label may contribute to the type of behaviour it initially was meant to control” (Edwin Lemert 1951:207). To encourage traditionalism and
However, it is expected that negative experience with one personality trait will result in negative anticipations of other personality traits. This definition of the implicit personality theory by Hays (1958) is supported by Schneider (1973). He defines implicit personality theory as the inferences that people draw of others‟ personality on the base of a few central personal characteristics. Through the years definitions of implicit personality have been modified and added. The most used and well-known definition is that of Ashmore and Del Boca (1979)3 as cited in for example Eagly et al.
Purpose and History Paper Donna Wright-Lee CJA/234 April 9, 2012 Rollin Cook Purpose and History Punishment is the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense. Punishment is also referred to as any change that follows behavior that reduces the likelihood that the same behavior will occur again in the future. The purpose of punishment is to reduce or eliminate any unwanted behavior. There are two different kinds of aversive stimuli that can be used as punishment. Positive punishment which is also referred to as punishment by application presents an aversive stimulus following the behavior.
-Witnesses are asked to report every detail, even if they think that detail is trivial. In this way, apparently unimportant detail might act as a trigger for key information about the event. It is believed that the change of narrative order and change of perceptive techniques aid recall because they reduce witness use of prior knowledge, expectations or schema. A psychology laboratory experiment conducted by Geiselman et al. (1985) compared the cognitive interview with a standard police interview and hypnosis.
When a person suffers with psychological distress, the way in which they interpret situations becomes skewed, which in turn has a negative impact on the actions they take. CBT aims to help people become aware of when they make negative interpretations, and of behavioral patterns which reinforce the distorted thinking. Cognitive Therapy helps people to develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving which reduce the psychological distress. Cognitive behavioral Therapy is, in fact, an umbrella term for many different therapies that share some common elements. Two of the earliest forms of Cognitive behavioral Therapy were Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s, and Cognitive Therapy, developed by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s.
From early psychology in the 19th century, the behaviorist school of thought ran concurrently and shared commonalities with the psychoanalytic and Gestalt movements in psychology into the 20th century; but also differed from the mental philosophy of the Gestalt psychologists in critical ways. Its main influences were Ivan Pavlov, who investigated classical conditioning—which depends on stimulus procedures to establish reflexes and respondent behaviors; Edward Thorndike and John B. Watson who rejected introspective methods and sought to restrict psychology to observable behaviors; and B.F. Skinner, who conducted research onoperant conditioning (which uses antecedents and consequences to change behavior) and emphasized observing private events . In
That means that only negative and opposite directed attitude to certain laws can cause an unlawful behaviour. According to cognitive dissonance theory developed by Leon Festinger (1957), there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their beliefs and opinions. When there is an inconsistency between attitude and behaviour process called dissonance appears and something must change to eliminate it. In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behaviour, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behaviour (Gabriel, Fineman, Sims, 2000). There are laws that are closely related to society and may cause individuals cognitive dissonance which can lead to unlawful behaviour.
Social learning theory also assumes that all mental processes are important in how people learn behaviour for example when an individual is observing and seeing the consequences of a behaviour, the observer will not repeat this behaviour if its punished for as a reward. This is what social learning theory psychologists call vicarious learning. This relates to the assumption that observational learning takes place as a result of people whom a person identifies as a role model. This is because a person might learn behaviour by observing a person receive an award and choose to not carry out that behaviour if he person carrying it out is not a role model. This assumption is further researched by the Bandura bobo doll experiment which studies if aggression behaviour is imitated by seeing a model being rewarded for being aggressive.