Individuals do this to make the pain go away which ultimately they really just defense mechanisms (Gottdiener, Murawski, & Kucharski, 2008). “According to psychoanalytic conflict theory, defense mechanisms are activated when the individual experiences any form of displeasure, especially anxiety or depressive affect” (Brenner, 1982). Failures of ego control are related to individuals with substance use disorders. “Ego control refers to the efforts of the individual to control thoughts, emotions, impulses and ability to perform tasks and attention processes” (Baumeister & Vohs, 2004, p. 2). The article also addresses the result of consistent failures in ego control.
This approach perceives the substance user to have a biological predisposition to addiction and the inability to control their behaviour (APS 2005). More recently some studies (i.e. Milran & Ketcham 1981) have indicated the hereditary disease component in predisposing neurotransmitter systems to respond to certain drugs, overriding the normal mechanisms of self-control (in Miller 1998). The disease model supports medical approaches like pharmacological interventions, or abstinence through community based 12-step approaches, such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) (APS 2005). AA & NA Demystified The philosophical underpinning of 12-step approaches like AA and NA asserts that true addiction is an illness (disease
Should the null hypothesis be rejected for the difference between the two groups in change in mobility scores over 12 weeks? Provide a rationale for your answer. The null hypothesis is: Women with OA receiving guided imagery with PMR will not have reduction in mobility difficulty than those in the control group after 12 weeks . Since the α for the study is 0.05 and the p value is 0.005, p value is less than the α (p 0.005 < α 0.05) therefore the null hypothesis will be rejected, meaning that a significant difference does exists between the control group and the intervention or experimental group. In other words the study showed a reduction in mobility difficulty of women with OA who received the treatment of GI and PMR F(1, 22) 9.619, p 0.005 3.
Abstract Cognitive behavior therapy is mostly used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, and mental health, but it has also been shown to be valuable in treating alcoholism and drug addiction, especially as part of an overall program of recovery. Cognitive-behavioral coping skills treatment is a short-term, focused therapeutic approach to helping drug-dependent people become abstinent by using the same learning processes the person used to develop alcohol and drug dependence initially. Introduction Cognitive behavior therapy is based on the idea that feelings and behaviors are caused by a person's thoughts, not on outside stimuli like people, situations and events. People may not be able to change their circumstances, but they can change how they think about them and therefore change how they feel and behave, according to cognitive-behavior therapists. In the treatment for alcohol and drug dependence, the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy is to teach the person to recognize situations in which they are most likely to drink or use drugs, avoid these circumstances if possible, and cope with other problems and behaviors which may lead to their substance abuse.
But people can also be addicted to an activity or behaviour so how does this come into play? Some people believe that the genetic code that individuals contain predetermines whether that individual will be an addict or if they will be inherently more susceptible to the addiction of a certain or many substances or activities. Others believe that the chance of an individual developing addictive behaviours is based only upon their environmental factors and emotional experiences. Then there are the people who believe that the substance are in themselves addictive, and these particular substances contain a specific “chemical hook” that is the root of people becoming addicted to these substances. The final group of people believe that it is a combination of 2 or more of these factors that creates the stem from which all forms of addiction occurs.
They are genuine feelings based on the self's interactions with the environment and the people in it, at different points in time. Freud, in his psychoanalytic theory, regarded counter-transference as a “block” that can hinder therapy and the therapeutic relationship which may occur when the patient triggers certain feelings or reactions in the therapist based on the therapist’s past experiences and relationships (Winnicott, 1994). Another form of counter-transference, termed ‘projective-identification by Melanie Klein, occurs when “parts of the self and internal objects are split off and projected into the external object, which then becomes possessed by, controlled and identified with the projected parts” (Segal, 1974). A third type of counter-transference which is also the one I choose to base my paper on is a different kind of counter-transference; a more totalistic, objective form, referred to first by Winnicott in his paper “Hate in the Counter-transference”. Winnicott describes it as “an understandable and ‘normal’ reaction to the patient’s actual personality and behavior” which he ten
Behavioral Therapies- an approach based on the principles of classical conditioning. Individual are repeatedly present with unpleasant stimulus, and they are expected to react negatively to the substance and lose the craving. Cognitive-Behavior Therapies-help people gain control over their substance-related behaviors, by making them keep track of their substance use. Biological Treatments- helps people withdraw from substances, abstain from them or simply maintain their level of use without further increase, (detoxification, drug maintenance therapy, and antagonist drugs). Sociocultural Therapies-Psychological problems emerge in a social setting and are best treated in social context.
The cognitive approach believes that the way we perceive ourselves and the environment influences how we behave (Irrational thoughts lead to irrational behaviour). Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) believing that changing the ways in which we think will help change our feelings, attitudes and behaviour as he felt it more effective to focus on their current thinking patterns. REBT has been applied to alcoholism, offering a constructive way of dealing with the thoughts and emotions associated with addictive drinking. Ellis used the A(Activating Event) B(Beliefs) C(Consequences) model that when an activating event occurs, such as getting dumped by a boyfriend, thoughts are generated that lead to emotion, arousal and behavioural consequences, such as depression, largely because they elicit irrational beliefs, I guess I deserved it, about these events. Some people will endlessly 'damn' themselves, seeing themselves as no good in every situation, REBT encourages clients to develop an unconditional acceptance of themselves, and recognise that everybody makes mistakes.
RELAPSE PREVENTION PLAN An important component to staying healthy and abstaining from substance use is to have a relapse prevention plan in place before the urge to relapse occurs. Writing a prevention plan that identifies your stressors and possible solutions will help you to resist the temptation when presented with the overwhelming desire. Name: John Smith Date: July 29, 2010 My substance of choice (be specific, for example, don't just write "alcohol" or "opiates" but vodka or hydrocodone) _,V_,o,d"'ka,_ _ I plan to prevent my relapse by the following strategies: I plan to prevent using alcohol again by attending three 12 step meetings a week and attending at least two Caduceus meetings per month. I will continue
In other words, a person’s experience or behavior is caused by how the situation is interpreted. During psychotherapy with CBT, the therapist works with the patient in modifying the dysfunctional thinking that causes the symptoms. Also, the therapist works to modify the underlying beliefs that are causing the dysfunctional thinking. The “General Cognitive Model” states that first a situation occurs, then a person has automatic thoughts and automatic images, and finally the person reacts emotionally or behaviorally. Another important aspect of CBT is the “Cognitive Triad,” which says that most dysfunctional thinking falls under one of three categories: Negative view of the self, negative view of the future, or negative view of the world.