Standardized tests involve administration of instructions, questions and scoring to all individuals in a similar manner. The test aims at comparing students’ knowledge in a given class, region or country. Program tests involve the use of teacher-made trial to determine how well scholars understand a particular content. Criterion-referenced tests compare student performance against a set standard while essay tests require students to give answers to several questions demonstrating their ability to recall, organize and interpret information in a logically integrated manner. On the other hand, informal assessments evaluate a student’s progress and performance individually.
Parents believe that beating is a means of discipline and kind of education. However, it can also becovre the opposite. “Hitting children teaches them to become hitters themselves. Extensive research data is now available to support a direct correlation between corporal punishment in childhood and aggressive or violent behavior in the teenage and adult years. www.naturalchild.org”.
Social control, social learning, cognitive development, and sociocultural are the believed factors as to why children become delinquents and gang member. Surprisingly, all factors can offer their own support and findings as to why children are adhering to criminal behavior. Social control theory believes that children turn to negative behavior because they are unsuccessful in demonstrating social and or personal control over their behavior possibly, due to what they view as the norm, which is commonly taught by family or friends. Social learning is closely tied to social control theory by believing people tend to learn from others and their actions. These activities and messages serve as either direct models or reinforcement of behavior (Ngai, Cheung, & Ngai, 2007).
Children must know that it is important for them to help when their peers are being bullied (Swearer, Turner, Givens, & Pollack, 2008). When students stick together and alert adults about the problem or help the victimized child take appropriate action it can bring about global change within a school system. What is the government doing about relational aggression? In 1998, the United Stated Department of Education set fort an initiative to take action on school violence. Legislation was passed to provide funding through the Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative.
Effects of Research in Educational Psychology on Learning Braden R. Andrews Liberty University The purpose of the study conducted by Pedro Blanco and Dee Ray was to examine the effects of Child-Centered Play Therapy or CCPT on 1st graders who were academically challenged. Forty-three academically at-risk children were selected from Title I schools for the study. Students were deemed academically at-risk if they had been held back, did not perform well on stadnarized test, or if they were in custody of the state. The Young Children’s Achievement Test (YCAT), a comprehensive test that measures early academic achievement levels in children ages 4-8, was used as the testing instrument. After parental consent was received, each participant was administered the YCAT as a pre-test.
An example of this theory would be if a child sees his parents or an authority figure he or she looks up to committing crimes or indulging in violence. That child most likely would view that type of behavior as acceptable. The social control theory states that people commit crimes when the processes which keep them in society are broken or weakened. Also within this theory, it is believed, the more socialized a person is as a child, and greater bonds they maintain with others, the less likely they will be to commit crimes (Siegel, 2000). Lastly, the social labeling theory view is when people are being labeled as criminals, they begin to take on that identity, and end up as criminals (Siegel, 2000).
There are three different methods used to assess student knowledge: diagnostic, formative, and summative. In order to test students on the knowledge and understanding of kindergarten contend standard K.6 “Students understand that history relates to events, people, and places of other times,” the teacher can implement the use of all three assessment methods. The diagnostic method is an assessment on the child’s previous knowledge or understanding of a subject, this method could involve asking the students if they know any of the elements of the content standard. For example, a teacher could ask if a student knows what the word “history” means. And depending on the students’ response, the teacher could take that question a step further by asking if the student personalized questions about the student or the student’s family, or even historical figures or events.
4) Boys will imitate aggression more than girls. Independent Variables (IVs): 1)The sex of the model, 2) The sex of the child, 3) The behaviour of model the child is exposed to. Dependent Variables (DVs): The dependent variable of this study is how many children imitate aggression when exposed to an aggressive model. 3 Conditions: The three conditions of the study were: 1) Aggressive, 2) Non-aggressive, 3)Control. Controls: Some of the controls used in this study are: The behaviour of the model.
Outline one Social Psychological Theory of Aggression Aggression is the intent to harm someone through verbal or physical actions. Bandura was the founder of Social Learning Theory (SLT) which suggests that children learn aggressive behaviour by observing other’s acting aggressively. They learn through either direct reinforcement, where the individual themselves are rewarded or punished for their own behaviour, or through watching others being rewarded or punished for their aggressive acts, (vicarious reinforcement). As a result, aggressive behaviour may repeat if a child receives a reward or witnesses a role model getting positively reinforced after committing an aggressive act and consequently imitates this behaviour to also seek the reward. SLT is supported by Bandura et al (1963), who found that children who observed an adult role model behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll were more likely to reproduce these behaviours when later allowed to interact with the doll alone, children even improvised their own violent methods towards the doll.
Social learning theory states that we learn behaviours, including aggression, by imitating successful role models. This theory can help us to explain such catastrophes such as the Abu Ghraib prison. If the soldiers saw the people in charge as role models, and saw them acting in an abusive way towards prisoners, they are likely to follow. Was the fact that these sergeants were role models to these young soldiers, the reason the soldiers carried out the torture? The same can be said about the My Lia massacre in 1968.