Ammonia and the Haber process Ammonia Ammonia (NH3) is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen. It is a colourless gas with a choking smell, and a weak alkali which is very soluble in water. Ammonia is used to make fertilisers, explosives, dyes, household cleaners and nylon. It is also the most important raw material in the manufacture of nitric acid. Ammonia is manufactured by combining nitrogen and hydrogen in an important industrial process called the Haber process.
2.1.1 Gas Scrubber The basic function of a scrubber is to remove liquid droplets from gas streams, in order to protect the device from corrosion and destruction. It is one of the commonly used gas-processing instruments which consist of mechanical device like compressors or dry desiccants. It is also used as a downstream device if liquids in gas are condensed. The gas scrubber is capable of removing minute loads of liquid and is incapable to take place of an original separator. Extra vessels can be added to it, ranging from 12 inches to 72 inches with capacities to process more than 200 MMscfd of natural gas.
At this point, the sponge contains residual magnesium and magnesium chloride. Thus, the sponge is crushed and treated with hydrochloric acid and water in order to eliminate excess magnesium and magnesium chloride. Another method for removing the residues is the high temperature vacuum distillation. Although the hunter process is similar to the Kroll process, the hunter process is more expensive and it is only used for the production of small amounts of high purity powder. The hunter process follows the same steps as the Kroll process except for the fact that sodium is added to the vessel and therefore, NaCl is the salt that is entrapped in the pores of the sponge formed.
Copper being much less reactive can be easily extracted by heating with various substances to remove its impurities. Copper compounds are heated to react with oxygen and pure copper is left, and can be refined with electrolysis. Copper ores used for commercial production of copper metal are typically chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and chalcocite (Cu2S), which are sulfides of copper. Due to the low concentration of copper, raw minerals are crushed to small sizes and concentrated by froth flotation. The resulting material is heated with silica (SiO2) in flash smelting to remove the iron as slag.
Ethanol boils at 78.4 ˚C, water at 100 ˚C and the azeotrope at 78.1˚C. This system is typical for separating two component feed into relatively pure overhead product containing the lower boiling component and bottoms product containing primarily the higher boiling component of the feed. The lower boiling component is the ethanol/water azeotrope and the higher boiling component is water in the ethanol/water system. The part of the packed tower below the feed point is the stripper. The stripper is the hottest section of the tower and the ethanol rich stream is vaporized and goes up the column.
Dipole-dipole forces are permanent dipoles due to different electronegativity. Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole that forms when H bonds to N, O, or F. [7] Nitric acid (HNO3) is a colorless, toxic, oxidizing, and corrosive liquid commonly used as laboratory reagent and for the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives. [8] It is completely miscible and has a dipole moment of 2.17D[2]. It contains one hydrogen bond and is a polar molecule. Water (H2O) is colorless liquid that’s the basis of life on Earth.
The method to separate substances based on differences in their boiling temperature (volatile) is distillation. Many essential oils are separated from plant materials by steam distillation. The peel of oranges is boiled in water and the oil produced (limonene) distilled in steam at a temperature just below 100 °C, well below its normal boiling point. The immiscible oil can then be separated. Direct extraction by heating would result in decomposition whereas steam distillation does not destroy the chemicals involved.
Liquid resins are converted into insoluble and infusible solids through oxirane reactions. The oxirane structure is referred as epoxy functionality. The resin used in the experiment has a functionality of two. Resins are usually prepared with the reactions of bisphenols –and generally commercially bisphenol A- with epichlorohydrin or glycidyl chloride. Epoxy resins are generally cured with primary/secondary polyamines, anhydrides, and polyamides.
These fermentative bacterica produce an acidic environment within the tank. These bacteria will further break down the material into ammonia, H2, CO2, H2S, and shorter volatile fatty acids,but alas it is still too big for methane production! So, we go to our next stage to help break it down more. This process is called Acetogenesis. Acetogenesis is the creation of acetate, which is a derivative of acetic acid.
Maxine Alexandra G. Merin February 4, 2014 BSMT-2C Principles Solubility Test: The test is based on the property of solubility of lipids in organic solvents and insolubility in water. The oil will float on water because of lesser specific gravity Reaction to Iodine to test for unsaturation of fatty acids: The unsaturated fatty acids absorb iodine at the double bonds until all the double bonds are saturated with iodine. Hence the amount of iodine required to impart its color to the solution is a measure of the degree of the fatty acids. Chloroform dissolve sample give red color which decolorizes the iodine giving brown color. This indicates the presence of fatty acids.