Esterfication Abstract: Through the process of esterification, carboxylic acid was reacted with an alcohol in order to produce an ester and water as the products. An acid called benzoic acid was reacted with an alcohol identified as ethanol. Through the use of heat and a catalyst, which in this case was sulphuric acid, an ester in the form of ethyl benzoate was produced along with water. The cherry odour comes from the ester called ethyl benzoate. Theory: The purpose of this lab is to achieve a specific odour through the process of esterification where carboxylic acid and alcohol react to produce an ester and water with the assistance of heat and a catalyst such as sulphuric acid.
Magic marker inks are often mixtures of several compounds. Paper chromatography is a common method of separating various components of a mixture. After separation, you can observe the different colors that make up a particular color of magic marker ink. You can also calculate a ratio Rf, which compares how far each compound traveled to how far each solvent (substance that dissolves another substance) traveled during the experiment. Rf = Ds/Df Ds = Distance traveled by the compound Df = Distance traveled by the solvent Materials: coffee filter, tape, isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol), water, 3 different color magic markers (not permanent); 3 identical tall, narrow drinking glasses; metric ruler, 3 pencils Pre-lab Questions: List one extensive and one intensive property of marker ink.
An example of use is cleaning compounds of impurities, where different solvents work as a molecular filter that interacts differentially with compound and impurities respectively. In the end of the process, impurities become physically separated from the now pure compound, facilitating further transferring and further repurification / extraction if needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acetanilide tert-butyl methyl ether p-tert-butylphenol p-toluic acid 0.5M NaHCO3 3M HCL 0.5M NaOH NaSO4 anhydrous Separatory Funnel Buchner filter paper Sand Bath Microspatula Disposable Pipet heated plate boiling chips support stand Pasteur pipets with latex bulb test tubes (2) utility clamp watch glasses weighing paper melting pint capillary tubes thermometer EXTRACTION •Dissolve acetanilide, p-toluic acid, and p-tert-butylphenol in t-butylmethyl ether •Extract p-toluic acid from the ether layer with NaHCO3 solution •Extract p-tert-butylphenol from the ether layer with NaOH
Decant(ing): Decanting is a way of separating a solid from a liquid. We can carefully pour a liquid from a solid, provided the solid is quite dense and resides on the bottom of a container. The easiest way to accomplish this is to hold a glass stir rod against the lip of the container containing the solid and liquid, and gently pour the liquid down the stir rod into a new container. Extraction: Extraction is a way to separate two components with different solubilities, that is, extract one chemical from another. Extraction relies on a principle called serial dilution.
A binding material can be separated by dissolving the tablet in ether since three active ingredients are soluble. Then, aqueous K2HPO4 and KOH are used to extract the ether solution with the conjugate base of the Aspirin layer and the conjugate base of the Acetaminophen, respectively. The caffeine can be isolated from the left over layer by evaporating the ether. Two separated solutions form solid by acidifying with HCl and the solid residue can be collected by vacuum filtration. According to the Revell's lab experiment, aspirin, acetaminophen, caffeine recoveries are 60% or higher, <10% and <5%, respectively.
The bromine is acting first like an electrophile, and then after bromine has broken the π bond, a carbocation has formed, and a bromide ion has been created, the bromide ion then acts as the nucleophile and forms a bond with the carbocation. This experiment uses bromination, the specific name of halogenation with bromine. In order to for bromination to occur bromine must first be generated. This is done in situ through the oxidation of glacid acetic acid and puridinum bromide perbromide. Once generation is accomplished the available bromine can be brominated.
Each of the analyte will have its own Rf value under certain circumstances. The separation of the phospholipid classes can be improved by two-dimensional chromatography. This technique requires developing the TLC plate in a direction, then dried, and developed in a solvent mixture at a 90 ° the first development (Singh and Jiang,
Experiment: Cyclohexanone from Cyclohexanol aq Abstract: The primary objective of this experiment was to create cyclohexene from the dehydration of cyclohexanol with phosphoric acid. Through the use of simple distillation it was possible to separate the solution. The Agilent 7890A Gas Chromatography System was used to determine the purity of the distillate which verified the success of the separation. Introduction: Alkenes can be prepared by from alcohols by an acid catalyzed dehydration reaction. In the experiment a secondary alcohol (cyclohexanol) is heated with acid (phosphoric acid).
After a series of washes to remove any impurities, the compound was dried and decanted, cholesterol was synthesized. Melting points were obtained from commercial cholesterol, dibromocholesterol, and synthesized cholesterol using the Fisher-John Melting Point Apparatus. A TLC plate was completed, spotting commercial cholesterol, dibromocholesterol, and synthesized cholesterol. The silica gel was used as the stationary phase and the ethyl acetate: hexane (30:70) was used as the mobile phase. The silver nitrate test was conducted to test for the functional group of 2°and 3° alkyl halides as positive and negative controls were used.
Because the reaction is set in motion by the backside attack of the nucleophile, the nucleophile and the electrophile are in anti-configuration (chemwiki.org). Nerolin is part of a group of alkyl aryl ethers, compounds vastly used in the production of perfumes- most specifically as perfume additives and scent fixatives. These scents include rose, lavender and lemon (prelab-notes). Calculation of percent yield Iodoethane (MW=155.97., d=1.940 g/ml) Amount used: 0.30 ml d=mv m= 1.940g/ml x 0.30 ml 0.582g | 0.5 g 2-naphthol .1 mol of 2-naphthol144.17g= 0.00347 mol of naphthol 0.582 g iodoethane .1 mol of iodoethane155.97g= 0.00373 mol of iodoethane KOH (MW=56.11.) 0.200 g KOH .1 mol of KOH56.11 g= 0.00356 mol of KOH Given the 1:1 stoichiometry of the reaction, 2-naphthol is the limiting reagent Theoretical yield = 0.5 g Percent yield=actual yieldtheoretical yield .100% 0.3189 g0.5g .100% 63.8 % | Conclusion A 63.8% yield of nerolin was recovered in the reaction of 2-naphthol and ethyl iodide.