Insect saliva inactivates blood components and manipulates host immunity The animal blood feeding is an essential event associated with the life cycle of mosquitoes. The female mosquito applies specific strategies for sucking blood from their animal hosts. The mosquito injects saliva at the site of piercing the host skin before drawing the blood. Mosquito saliva is the soup of a complex array of pharmacological agents that perform numerous important functions to facilitate the process of blood feeding [16]. During blood feeding, the damage caused to the host blood vessels usually results in vasoconstriction that may increase insect feeding time due to restricted blood flow to their mouth parts.
The plague bacilli are little toxin factories. The heat of the human body signals the thousands of bacilli injected by the flea to go into a special production. If the immune system manages to kill some, the germs release more poisons from their dying bodies. Meanwhile, they work their way into the fluid drainage system to travel. If the flea bite was on the leg, the lymph drainpipes carry plague to the lymph nodes in the groin.
In 1999 the virus appeared in North America for the first time and in the next year spread to 12 states killing 8 people and sickening 80 others. (Lee, M.C. 23-34) C. In the U.S., birds appear to be the major carrier of the disease and they pass it on to humans as follows: 1. When mosquitoes feed on the blood of the infected birds, the insects ingest this virus. 2.
| | migrate from intestines to blood and various body tissues. | | the first symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, fever, and pain. | | All of the choices are correct | 27. value: 6 points Elephantiasis includes all the following, except | it is caused by filarial nematodes. | | helminth is transmitted by black fly vectors. | | larval infestation causes blockage of main lymphatic channels.
Lupus: The Body Attacking Itself Systematic lupus erythematosus, better known as SLE or more popularly as lupus, is an auto-immune disease which causes the body to pretty much attack itself (Brown 4). As the case with other auto-immune diseases, when lupus occurs, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its normal, healthy tissue, slowly killing a person from the inside out (Maraux 5). Everybody can get lupus, but the disease is more common in women than men, and past studies have shown that it is also more common in African Americans and Asians ages 15 through 45 (Blau 30). Lupus is a disease that can damage the body inside and out, is hard to diagnose right away, has many harmful complications, and has multiple forms (New York Times
Coffin ships were mostly filthy and disease ridden, The Star was no different, on the 5th day of the 20 week voyage 4 steerage passengers die of typhus. The majority of steerage passengers had dysenyary, scurvy or famine dropsy while about 15 had all three. Word goes around that there are things missing from the first class passengers and some one has sawed through the loser foredeck gate bars. The crew soon discovers that there is a hack saw missing from the kitchen, the saw was stolen by pius mulvey. The 6th chapter in this novel is a letter from the hisband of mary duane, a nanny to one of the first class
Combined with a minority of cases in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo, 5,843 people have contracted Ebola hemorrhagic fever, resulting in 2,803 deaths (http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/en/). The Ebola virus is highly contagious and has a high mortality rate, usually around 50 percent, but areas struck by previous outbreaks of the disease have experienced mortality rates as high as 90 percent (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/). Without delving further into the medical or biological data regarding the virus, it is suffice to say that this virus has the potential to cause a worldwide pandemic. It is therefore imperative
In the late 1940s to the early 1950s, in the United States alone, polio crippled around 35,000 people each year making it one of the most feared diseases of the twentieth century. By 1979 the country had become polio free. There were 1,195 cases reported in 2006. Polio incidences has dropped more than 99.9 percent since the launch of global polio eradication efforts in 1988. According to global polio surveillance data from October 23, 2013, 301 polio cases have been reported from the following countries: Afghanistan, Cameroon, Nigeria, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and South Sudan.
The French physician Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran first identified the parasite under the microscope in 1880. Ronald Ross and Giovanni Grassi recognized the mosquito as the malaria vector in 1897 (Good, 2001). However, despite enormous and diverse efforts to control this disease, malaria is among the top three most deadly communicable diseases and the most deadly tropical parasitic disease today (Sachs and Malaney, 2002). According to the World Malaria Report 2010, there were 225 million cases of malaria and an estimated 781 000 deaths in 2009, a decrease from 233 million cases and 985 000 deaths in 2000. Most deaths occur among children living in Africa where a child dies every 45 seconds of malaria and the disease accounts for approximately 20% of all childhood deaths (WHO 2010).
Hochschild places King Leopold among the great tyrants of history. It is hard to say what the actual death toll under his reign was, both because accurate records were not kept and because Leopold deliberately destroyed many of the existing records shortly before the government of Belgium took the Congo out of his hands. According to Congo historians, Wm. Roger Louis and Jean Stengers, the earliest population and mortality estimates are "wild guesses". In the novel, many subsequent lines of inquiry conclude that the early official estimates were essentially correct: roughly half the population of the Congo perished during the Free State period.