Scientific Archaeology Essay

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Part one of Colin Renfew’s book Prehistory: The Making of the Human Mind reviews the development of archaeology and marks the major discoveries that led to methods used to expand archaeology’s sea of knowledge and data. Highlighted in Renfrew’s account is the concept of scientific archaeology or “archaeological science,” defined on page 36 simply as “the application of methods in the hard sciences to the material remains of the past.” The hard sciences Renfrew refers to include geology, biology, physics, and chemistry. More specifically, the developments and discoveries within these fields leading to the realization of scientific archaeology are the “antiquity of man,” the theory of evolution, and radiometric dating. While the advent of genetics has certainly been significant for the field of archaeology, the author has postponed a full discussion of DNA analysis until part two of his book. The foundation of the field of geology itself in the middle of the nineteenth century paved the way for archaeology. Previous to scientists such as Cuvier, Smith, Hutton, and Lyell (page 7), the world was thought to be only 6,000 years old in the Western world. With the conscious decision by scholars to examine the natural world as a conglomerate of observable forces, scientists began to notice anomalies in geologic excavations. Things like manmade tools located near deposits of extinct animal skeletons questioned the traditional chronology of contemporary knowledge. In 1959 the scientists Sir Joseph Prestwich and John Evans studied these anomalies and popularized in the scientific community what is known as the “antiquity of man,” expanding the lifetime of humanity to be much older than most common folk imagined at the time (page 9). Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species was published in 1859 and revolutionized contemporary biology forever. Shortly thereafter he

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