The blue line and the orange line are equal and so by basic geometry the reflected line and the red line are equal in length. Since we know that a straight line is the shortest distance between two points we can say that the angle that the light makes at the reflective medium that minimizes the distance between the two points (if it has to first travel to the reflective medium) is the angle that the light beam makes with the surface of the reflective medium. Since the light is traveling at a constant speed the minimum distance also corresponds to the minimum time. So we see that the minimum time proposition explains the law of the reflection of light. We can now explore the more complicated scenario of light traveling from one medium to another.
Although most people don’t notice, the way the environment is illuminated determines what color you perceive. Color constancy is basically the ability to see familiar objects in the same color regardless of the illumination. Shape constancy is this same, only with shape. It allows us to perceive familiar objects as having a permanent shape, even though we look at these objects from many different angles. For example, we still see a door as a square object, regardless of the angle in which we view it.
We rotated the ray table clockwise by increments of 10̊ again. We repeated the same measurements but instead with counterclockwise angles. From the two angles of refraction we were able to calculate the average angles of refraction. Finally, we aligned the flat side of the lens so that incoming light ray struck the cylindrical surface. We rotated the ray table until the refracted ray disappeared completely and only the reflected ray was visible.
Snell's Law In the previous sections we studied light reflecting off various surfaces. What happens when light passes from one medium into another? The speed of light, like that of all waves, is dependent on the medium through which it is travelling. When light moves from one medium into another (for example, from air to glass), the speed of light changes. If the light ray hits the boundary of the new medium (for example the edge of a glass block) at any angle which is not perpendicular to or parallel with the boundary, the light ray will change its direction through the next medium, or appear to `bend'.
Laboratory report ascertaining the absolute Focal Length of a Convex Lens Aim: The intention of this Laboratory experiment is to determine, with safety and exactitude, the precise Focal Length of the given Convex Lens. By using the data recorded down with a vast number of analytical techniques in conjunction with the formula given for a thin lens ( 1f=1u+1 v ) Theory: By using the formula given for a thin lens and substituting my measurements into the formula the result should be an exact measurement of the focal length (10cm) or (20cm) depending on the convex lens provided for the experiment. However my hypothesis would show that the results recorded will be slightly fallacious, since the major difficulty is to judge at which screen position or lens position can form the sharpest image. I think a major source of error is the scientist in questions eyesight; one of the dependant variables. Subsequently the entire experiment would be completely dependable on what was seen as in focus and not in focus.
A positive voltage increased photocurrent while a negative voltage decreased photocurrent. The cutoff voltage is the negative voltage in which the electrons can no longer reach the anode, and thus there is no photocurrent. The voltage was decreased until the photocurrent was zero to find the cutoff voltage, which was measured to be -.87 volts. According to the collected data, and Vs-i graph, the photocurrent increased exponentially as the voltage was increased. Theoretically the photocurrent is supposed to level off once the saturation voltage is reached.
A Brief Review of Newton's Laws of Motion Let's review certain basic concepts of motion, namely Newton's first two Laws of Motion, which are presumably as basic and fundamental as any natural law can be: (1) The Law of Inertia: A body which has no force acting on it will move with uniform motion (that is, with constant speed and direction). (2) The Force Law: If a force acts on a body, it will not move uniformly, but will be accelerated in the direction of the force at a rate proportional to the force, and inversely proportional to its inertia, or mass. Now, these two laws seem very simple and obvious, and perfectly reasonable and correct. So much so, that if we see an object which is moving uniformly, we presume that it must not have any force (or at least, any net force) acting on it; whereas if we see an object which is accelerating, we presume it must have some force acting on it, in the direction of its acceleration. The strange thing is, that it is not only very easy, but actually more normal than not, for Newton's Laws of Motion to be wrong.
REFLECTION, REFRACTION, DIFFRACTION Reflection – waves bounce off a surface Refraction – waves bend when they pass though a boundary Diffraction – waves spread out (bend) when they pass through a small opening or move around a barrier REFLECTION - when a wave encounters a barrier, it can reflect the bounce off the obstacle - i.e. light = mirror; sound = echo - most objects we see reflect light rather than emit their own light - Fermat’s principle = light travels in straight lines and will take the path of least time Laws of Reflection 1. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection (true for both flat and curve mirrors) 2. The incidence ray, reflected ray, and the normal all lie in the same plane. Specular vs. Diffuse Reflection - in diffuse, waves are reflected in many different ways form a rough surface - in specular, waves are reflected in the same direction from a smooth surface REFRACTION (light) - when one medium ends and another begins, that is called boundary - when a wave encounters a boundary that is denser, part of it is reflected and a part of it is transmitted - the frequency of the wave is not altered when crossing the boundary / barrier but the speed and wavelength are - the change in speed and wavelength can cause the wave to bend if it hits the boundary at an angle other than 90 degrees - this bending as light enters the water can cause objects under water to appear at a different location than they actually are REFRACTION (sound) - sound waves bend when passing into cooler / warmer air because the speed of sound depends in the temperature of the air - sound travels slower in cooler air REFRACTION (water) - water waves bend when they pass from deep water into shallow water, the wavelength shortens and they slow down.
Comma Splices are two complete sentences with only a comma between the two sentences, and a comma by itself is not strong or hard enough punctuation to separate two complete sentences. CORRECTING FUSED SENTENCES: Although there is an additional way to correct Comma Splices (see below), the three main ways to correct both Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices are exactly the same. 1) A period could be added to make two stand-alone complete sentences. 2) A comma after the first complete sentence and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, not, for, so, or yet) could separate the two complete sentences. 3) A semicolon (and no conjunction) could separate the two complete sentences.
The principle of relativity, The laws of physics don’t change, even for objects moving in inertial frames of reference. And the principle of the speed of light, the speed of light is the same for all observers, regardless of their motion relative to the light source. The genius of Einstein’s discoveries is that he looked at the experiments and assumed the findings were true. This was the exact opposite of what other physicists seemed to be doing. Instead of assuming the theory was correct and that the experiments failed, he assumed that the experiments were correct and the theory had failed.Einstein’s