The Pivot of the Four Quaters

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In his book, The Pivot of the Four Quarters, Paul Wheatley set out the geographical layout of a 'city' as a ceremonial complex. Wheatley noted that the urban form did not come from its having a primordial market, its focus 'on a citadel,' an 'archetypal fortress' or 'a settlement dominated by commercial relations,' but its role as a ceremonial complex. For Wheatley, ceremonial complexes were instruments 'for the creation of political, social, economic, and sacred space, at the same time as they were symbols of cosmic, social, and moral order.' Wheatley's book has influenced scholars, such as Charles Doherty, into looking at a 'city' as a ceremonial complex in western cultures. Doherty took Wheatley's example and chose to use the term 'ceremonial centre' in his discussion of urbanism in relation to Ireland's 'monastic towns.' The topic of 'monastic towns' will not be discussed in this dissertation, but it is important here to note that for Wheatley a territory's 'consecration signified its "reality" and, therefore, sanctioned its habitation; but its establishment as an imitation of a celestial archetype required its delimitation and orientation as a sacred territory within the continuum of profane space.' This chapter considers how early Insular ecclesiastics used biblical accounts, and early religious writings, to shape their ideals of the ecclesiastical ciuitas. These ideals stretch beyond the writings of Jewish and Christian writers to a celestial building plan, which was understood and sought after by ecclesiastics. To better understand this celestial building plan, this chapter will focus on: the Celestial Ciuitas and its topography, representations of the Celestial Jerusalem, Insular understanding of the topography of the Tabernacle and Temple in the Old Testament, similarities between the Celestial Jerusalem and Hell as 'cities,' the Irish ciuitas of
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