One type of government was absolute monarchy, which is consisting of the balance between king and nobles. King has unlimited power, he is not legally bound and during the economic or nation- state based decisions he was the responsible person. Also monarchs gain power either marriage or hereditary. In religion, there is no freedom which means government controls over the Church. They believed God choose them and acquire power for unity of their countries.
He has a positive view of human nature. Each human is born with a pure, blank state and everything humans learn is from experiences not from inherent human nature. He thought the ultimate authority should come from the people who owned lands, and the government’s power should be limited to its basic protections to its citizens. Hobbes’ model was soon to be found in France under King Louis XIV. Louis XIV personified the pure absolutist ruler at his best.
Paine used Common Sense as a great tool to let the commoners and less educated to gain some insight on the role and purpose of government. Firstly, Paine makes a distinction between government and society. Paine states: “Society is everything constructive and good that people join together to accomplish. Government, on the other hand, is an institution whose sole purpose is to protect us from our own vices. Government has its origins in the evil of man and is therefore a necessary evil at best.” He goes on to say that “government's sole purpose is to protect life, liberty and property, and that a government should be judged solely on the basis of the extent to which it accomplishes this goal.” Basically, Paine is stating to the common people that they have the opportunity to form their own representation of government and do it in a way that truly represents their wants and needs.
Is parliament supreme or the courts? As we have stated above, UK is known to have parliament supremacy, but to what extent? Dicey puts forward that parliament is supreme, meaning that ‘Parliament has, under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament'. The doctrine of parliament sovereignty of the United Kingdom has been regarded as the most fundamental element of the British constitution. It can be summarised in three points; parliament has the power to make any law they wish, and no parliament can create a law that a future parliament cannot change and only parliament can change or reverse a law passed by parliament.
The Bills of Rights were written to insure all people of the United States all of the freedoms in the Constitution. Most Americans did not realize it is the Federal Government from which the first Americans were protecting themselves. “The Bills Of Rights were written upon the American foundational belief that God has created all people with inalienable natural rights to life, liberty and property, and the federal government has no authority to deny these rights without due process of law. These rights include freedoms of religion, speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association, as well as the right to keep and bear arms.”(Bill of Rights Institute) The freedom most important to me is the First Amendment. This amendment covers the freedoms, for example, to belong to and attend functions for politics, religion, athletics and any other interests to a citizen.
Technically there is no such thing as a "direct" order. Orders are either lawful or unlawful. The informal term "direct order" tends to mean an order given face-to-face from a person in authority to a subordinate. It has zero meaning under the UCMJ as the "direct order" still has to be lawful to have effect. Upon enlisting each soldier swore the following oath; I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to regulations and the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
To what extent were economic forces the principle cause of political change in medieval England? Over the course of the medieval period, politics changed dramatically. Monarchs began to realise that rule by force implied that you always ran the risk of being beaten by a more powerful foe. In response to this change, the monarchy undoubtedly began to use legal systems and Parliament to cement their positions. The age of the absolutist monarch was waning as Parliament’s freedoms and powers increased – their hold over the monarch’s finances was a particular strength.
It also stated that the king wasn’t excluded from the law, everything that a normal citizen could be charged with, so could the king; also the king, if send to jail or punished, he would take the full punishment. So basically the king had no rights to make decisions of his own on the country without the confirmation of the parliament. The Declaration of The Rights of Man and the Citizen (La Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen) is the primary document of the
Prior to the French Revolution, France was divided into various regions, ruled over by a king and noblemen. The only thing that could somewhat link everyone together was the belief that they were to serve the king who at the time was Louis XVI. This belief however by the end of the 18th century started to see a huge change. The French people slowly started to see themselves not as "subjects" of the king, but as "citizens" of the new nation of France. This change in how the people saw themselves as, can be thought of as the beginning of nationalism.
Locke argues that all men are of the same species making them all equal and placed on the same rank. He uses this to justify why all human beings deserve to participate in government and not be ruled blindly by an absolute monarch. During this time kings were viewed as superior to other human beings; Locke argues that since we all are of the same species that their is no “superior” human being. This point then helps Locke explain why all humans deserve to take part in how they are governed. Along with his ideas of human equality and the elimination of social hierarchy, Locke also advocated man's natural right to freedom.