Scarcity cost: In making managerial decisions, we must first consider that our resources are limited. We therefore have to choose between options; we cannot do them all. Sometimes two different investments look good, but because resources are scarce, we cannot do both. Opportunity cost: Whenever we make one decision, we are giving up the next best option. We need to consider the missed benefits of the option not chosen as part of the decision-making process.
Why is it important to correctly identify and address these two activities to ensure success in the quality initiative? * What are some quality management issues? What are some strategies for addressing quality management issues? How did you determine which ones are most applicable? Defend your position.
1. How would you define “Frozen Preferences” and what is the impact of this concept on strategy formulation, alternative analysis and recommendation? • Managers don’t like to make major strategic changes once decisions have been made (except in the case of overwhelming evidence) as they will look unprepared and ineffective and their creditability is damaged • Frozen preferences o Management has made a decision and over time analysis shows that their decision may not be the best choice o However they feel compelled to maintain their current strategy even if it is not the best course of action. • As management preferences becomes a larger part of the organization (personnel changes, budgets etc), it becomes more and more difficult to change direction. o A tendency to avoid reversing changes even if it was not the best choice o In reality, past expenditures are sunk costs and the organization should use a clean slate to look at new choices, but to the manager, this will come at great personal loss.
* Referent power – generally known as personal power or charisma and comes from the high regard the individual is held by others should this falter or wane then this form of power vanishes, but is often employed in conjunction with other sources. Other sources of power include knowledge and personal contacts and alliances. Power is not the same as leadership, nor is it the same as authority. Conducting an appraisal is fraught with dangers for both the appraiser and appraise. Key amongst these is a failure to recognise
The above examples show the importance of critical thinking to the decision-making process. Decisions made without using critical thinking are unfair, illogical, and sometimes irrational. They do not reflect any of the characteristics associated with critical thinking. In fact, they seem self-serving, biased, and are generally not the best thought out solutions. Decisions made using critical thinking offer many benefits because they are usually the best thought out solutions.
When planning and envisioning, human beings typically envision best case scenarios, not leaving room for contingencies, and more over it seems are in considerable denial. Regardless of past failed attempts to complete similar tasks in such short times, individuals consistently underestimate their time completion. The desire to achieve their goals, superseded their recognition of logic; and individuals choose to deny evidence contrary to their goal achievement. The
The organizational problem with periodization is that because there are so many things happening at one time, a historian is not able to focus on them all. The ethical issue with periodization is that is easily implies value judgments the technical problem of periodization is that it no system of periodization can solve all cultural issues or satisfy all demands. 3. These labels are problematic because they may not be specific enough. Big Thought Activity Prequel 1.
Simply the installation of such a system does not guarantee that efficient use and successful outcomes will result. Most failures of implementation of EMR systems can be attributed to factors unrelated to the systems themselves. Poor organizational strategy or inadequate assessments of the competitive environment usually underlie poor performance. Failure to make organizational accommodations such as process redesign also contributes to lack of success (Glaser, 1997). In contrast, clearly defined goals for the EMR system, organizational and individual user commitment to the process, and enthusiastic leadership by an individual or a core group ensure the greatest opportunity for achieving desired results (Wager, Lee, White, Ward & Omstein, 2000).
Strength / Weakness - research that is in the form of naturally occurring phenomena (Roberts and Lamb) has good ecological validity but is not scientific or replicable as variables were not highly controlled and because it is not artificial. It would also be unethical to test eye witness testimony when a real sensitive subject is being discussed. Strength / Weakness - the results could be due to a number of factors such as: young people may be more used to memory tests or older adults have poorer health leading to memory impairment. Weakness - the research findings are inconclusive. Weakness - the factors given by researchers, such as the ones stated, are only assumptions with no scientific evidence.
Finally A third negative aspect of the personalised screed as oppose to a generic format is the fact that the former is only designed to help one person while the latter can be used on a local, national and even global basis. Thus in conclusion from a sharp analysis of the former I believe that a personalised induction will not always be the most effective, it all depends on the circumstances. For example it would be more effective in a one on one session where there are no time constraints; however a generic script would be more beneficial in group