How are these electron carriers reoxidized in anaerobic bacteria? How are these electron carriers reoxidized in aerobic bacteria? 3. (24 points) Aerobic eukaryotic organisms use the unique abilities of mitochondria to extract further energy from glucose (and other nutrients). a) The citric acid cycle completes the degradation of glucose.
Effect of Enzyme Activity on Temperature Aim: The aim of this experiment is to investigate how effectively the enzyme amylase breaks down starch at different temperatures Research Question: How does the increase in temperature affect the time taken for amylase to breakdown 2ml of starch? Purpose: Background Information: Enzymes are biological catalysts that comprise the largest and most highly specialized class of protein molecules. Enzymes act as catalysts to increase the rates of chemical reactions. A fundamental property of enzymes is their specificity. Various enzymes have unique shape and chemical composition that creates a site, called and active site.
There are 12 tiers in a mature glycogen particle. c) Cellulose Cellulose is a carbohydrate which is the principal component of vegetal wall and wood. Cellulose is the most abundant component on earth. The cellulose molecule is a linear unbranched homopolysaccharide. Glucose residues have the beta configuration, so they are linked by (beta1 4) glycosidic bonds.
It is a polysaccharide that functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important part of the human diet used as an energy source. It is a polymer of glucose sugar which means it is composed of many glucose molecules linked in a chain. Plants store the starch instead of simple sugars. Cellulose is an insoluble substance which is the main part of plant cell walls and vegetable fibres such as cotton. It is also a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers.
Investigation of the effect of Substrate concentration on Catalase activity Research Question: To investigate enzyme kinetics, using catalase enzyme from the yeast extract. Background Information: Enzymes are proteins which catalyze reactions that take place in the body or they increase the rate of the biological reactions. In an enzyme catalyzed reaction, the substrate binds to the active site and forms the enzyme-substrate complex with the enzyme. The enzyme breaks the bonds present in the substrate; the final product of this reaction leaves the enzyme which remains unchanged after the reaction. Catalase is a substance which is produced by the liver to break down hydrogen peroxide.
Digestive enzymes are hydrolytic enzymes. Their substances, or the molecules on which they act are organic food molecules which they breakdown by adding water to the molecular bonds, thus cleaving the bonds between the subunits or monomers. Digestive enzymes can function outside the body cells; their activity can be studied by test tubes (Marieb and Mitchell 2010). This experiment attempts to re-create the breakdown process that is normally done via digestion with Iodine as a vital component. It can be expected that once amylase reacts with the starch, maltose will then be broken down and less starch will be visible and more sugar will be apparent thus causing the solution mixed with iodine to become lighter and lighter.
Enzymes are proteins that are used to speed up these reactions without being consumed by them. The activity of these enzymes can be altered by changing their environments, such as enzyme specificity (speed only a reaction that contains their substrate), increasing and decreasing temperature, concentration level, or adjusting the pH level. Catalase is a catalyst that digests potent hydrogen peroxide and converts it into H2O and O. It is due to this hydrogen peroxide digesting ability that we used catalase in this experiment. To record the role that environment plays in the reaction of an enzyme, we exposed the enzyme to various changes in temperature, concentration, and pH.
Procedure is to be repeated using temperature of 0o, 60o, and 80o C. Introduction Enzymes are single-chain or multiple chain proteins that act as biological catalysts with the inherent ability to promote specific chemical reactions in vivo, as well as in vitro. Like all catalysts enzymes work by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, this is achieved because enzymes facilitate the formation of the transition state from substrate to product. Enzymes have three distinctive characteristics: 1. High specificity The ability to select and thus promote a particular chemical reaction on a single or small number of structurally related molecules is a key aspect of enzyme mechanics. Invertase is the enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of the disaccharide sucrose, into the monomers of glucose and fructose; due to the high specificity of enzymes one would not expect invertase to catalyze the
The purpose of this practical was to produce a calibration curve, by applying a linear dilution series, to then resolve unknown levels of glucose concentrations. Glucose is a one of the most important carbohydrates used by the human body, it allows us to carry out tasks in the day by providing energy to cells in the body. As our cells respire they produce energy as by product that we need. There are three types of carbohydrates used in the body, these include Monosaccharides being single sugar molecules containing up to seven carbon atoms which cannot be broken down into smaller groups, disaccharides these are formed by linking two monosaccharides and polysaccharides which have the largest molecular weight and are insoluble in water. Glucose is the most common example of monosaccharide (E.Simon, J.Dinkey & J.Reece 2014).
Starch and glycogen are under the storage category while Chitin and Cellulose are under Structural category. Starch is a carbohydrate consisting of many of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds, it is a storage carbohydrate. These storage carbohydrates are needed because glucose by itself is too reactive to be stored within cells where it could react and damage cell organelles causing unwanted problems, in this case the problem is solved by the joining of glucose molecules which form a long, less reactive chain of glucose molecules called starch. Starch is an unbranched long chain of carbohydrate this means it lacks the ability to release energy fast enough for animals as the speed of reaction is too low, this is caused by the fact that in order to release energy from starch, glucose molecules must be cut from the two ends of the unbranched starch molecule. Having only two ends to be able to react at the same time the reaction would be slow meaning only plants could survive by this type of storage chemicals.