Psychiatric Disorder

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Psychiatric Disorders, Disease, and Drugs Psychiatric Disorders, Disease, and Drugs Psychiatric or psychological disorders are disorders of sufficiently severe psychological function as to require treatment by a psychologist or psychiatrist (Pinel, 2009). Examples of psychiatric disorders include schizophrenia, emotional disorders such as depression or mania, anxiety disorders, and Tourette syndrome. Each of these disorders has developmental theories and drug treatments. Schizophrenia is a complex disorder defined as the splitting of psychic functions or the breakdown of integration between emotion, thought, and action. The complexity of schizophrenia symptoms often overlap with other disorders and often change during disorder advancement.…show more content…
Symptoms of anxiety disorders include feelings of anxiety, tachycardia, hypertension, breathing difficulty, and difficulty sleeping. The five classes of anxiety disorders are generalized, phobic, panic, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress. Theories behind anxiety disorders generally focus on the amygdala, prefrontal lobes, and cognitive factors; however, there is not consistent data that correlates brain damage to causes of anxiety. The two categories of drugs used in the treatment of anxiety disorders are benzodiazepines and serotonin agonists. Benzodiazepines are believed to mediated by their agonistic action on GABAA receptors. Side effects associated with benzodiazepines consist of sedation, tremors, nausea, withdrawals that creates rebound anxiety, and are highly addictive. Serotonin agonist has selective agonists against the serotonin receptor 5-HT1A and produces anxiolytic effects without the side effects of benzodiazepines. However, there are other side effects like dizziness, headaches, and insomnia (Pinel,…show more content…
These tics begin with simple movements such as blinking or head movement. Eventually they present themselves as complex motor tics such as lewd gestures, touching, hitting, or twirling. Verbal tics include inarticulate sounds, coprolalia, echolalia, and palilalia. Tourette syndrome usually afflicts the young and gradually subsides throughout maturity. The theory behind Tourette syndrome is that the disorder is the result of excessive dopaminergic innervations of the striatum and associated limbic cortex. Current hypothesis also states that the disorder is related to abnormal basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex feedback circuit. Tics are usually treated with neuroleptics that block the D2 receptors, the same treatment as used with schizophrenia. As previously stated the drawback to these neuroleptics can include diabetes, weight gain, and fat regulation trouble [ (Pinel, 2009)
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