The acute phase response develops in a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions like bacterial, viral, or fungal infections; rheumatic and other inflammatory diseases; malignancy; and tissue injury or necrosis. These conditions cause release of interleukin-6 and other cytokines that trigger the synthesis of CRP and fibrinogen by the liver. During the acute phase response, levels of CRP rapidly increase within 2 hours of acute insult, reaching a peak at 48 hours. With resolution of the acute phase response, CRP declines with a relatively short half-life of 18 hours. Measuring CRP level is a screen for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
Acute inflammation is a rapid response to an injurious agent that serves to deliver mediators of host defense—leukocytes and plasma proteins—to the site of injury. Acute inflammation has three major components: alterations in vascular caliber that lead to an increase in blood flow; structural changes in the microvasculature that permit plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation; and emigration of the leukocytes from the microcirculation, their accumulation in the focus of injury, and their activation to eliminate the offending
Crohn’s disease can affect any area of the gastrointestinal system from the mouth to the anus. Crohn’s disease appears to be caused by a dysfunctional inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammation is the body’s natural way to heal by sending immune cells to the site of the injury or invader. Researchers
Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease. This means that your immune system isn’t working like it should and begins attacking healthy tissue. What is RA? RA most often targets your joints. Your joint is surrounded by tissue called the synovium, which supports and protects it.
These mistakes result in mutation leading to loss or inappropriate expression of affected genes. Studies indicate that genetic alterations in the P53 tumor suppressor gene play an important role in the development of skin cancer. The p53 gene is also involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death), and it has been proposed that p53 serves as a “guardian of the genome” by aiding in DNA repair or by going through apoptosis to elimated cells with excessive DNA damage. Unrepaired damage in the p53 gene are transformed into mutations thereby initiating the process of carcinogenesis. Following repeated exposures to UV, keratinocytes (sunburn cells) carrying
should have used Agent Orange, because it caused many long-term effects to humans. Some birth defects are still occurring due to Agent Orange. Currently, 15,451 people are suffering from the effects of the toxic chemicals. Some conditions due to Agent Orange include: Hodgkin’s disease, multiple Myeloma, non-Hodgekin’s lymphoma, diabetes, Spina bifida, and Cloracne. These illnesses are all occurring in U.S. veterans.
Living with a Medical Regimen for Celiac Disease Lisa Wallace Samuel Merritt University Case Management Theory N620 April 12, 2013 Living with a Medical Regimen for Celiac Disease Celiac Disease (CD) is a chronic condition caused by sensitivity to gluten proteins, whereby when gluten is ingested, the gluten proteins can’t be fully digested by gastric, pancreatic, or intestinal enzymes and thus an inflammatory response is provoked within the small intestine (Jacobsson, Hallert, Milberg, & Friedrichsen, 2012; Ryan & Grossman, 2011). Gluten consumption causes atrophy of the villous of the small intestine and can lead to malabsorption of nutrients and can lead to a variety of gastrointestinal problems such as abdominal pain and distention, chronic diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, iron deficiency anemia, folate deficiency, and weight loss. Other extraintestinal symptoms may also occur, such as dermatitis herpetiformis, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, epilepsy, arthralgia, or infertility, (Jacobsson et al., 2012; Ukkola et al., 2012). If this disease remains untreated, very serious complications such as lymphoma may develop (Gainer, 2011). Description of Medical Regimen Because the consumption of gluten is the major instigator of symptoms, the main treatment for CD is adherence to a gluten free diet.
Lupus Lupus is a chronic, autoimmune disease that can damage any part of the body. Chronic means the signs and symptoms go wrong with your immune system, which is part of the body that fights off virus, bacteria, and germs. Lupus is also a disease of flares, (the symptoms worsen and you fill ill) and remissions (the symptoms improve and you feel better). The immune system goes into overdrive and can’t tell difference between some of the body’s normal, healthy cells and germs that can cause infection. So the immune system responds by making antibodies that attack the body’s normal cells.
Unit 3 Assignment 1: Disorders and Diseases Affecting the Lymphatic System Malorie Thompson Anatomy and Physiology II 10/06/2014 Hodgkin’s lymphoma, formerly known as Hodgkin’s disease, is a cancer of the lymphatic system which is a part of the immune system (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Hodgkin lymphoma generally presents with early clinical stages and indolent clinical behavior (Hartmann et al, 2014). In Hodgkin’s lymphoma, cells in the lymphatic system grow abnormally and may spreads beyond the lymphatic system (Mayo Clinic, 2014). As Hodgkin’s lymphoma progresses, it compromises your body’s ability to fight infection (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Hodgkin’s lymphoma is one of two common types of cancers of the lymphatic system (Mayo Clinic, 2014).
2.1.2 Postoperative Pain According to Richards (2014), pain is a subjective, unpleasant sensory and emotional experience caused by trauma, a variety of disorders and/or diagnostic tests or treatments such as surgery. Pain can be categorized as acute or chronic; acute pain lasts for days to weeks while chronic pain persists approximately around 6 months or longer (White, Duncan & Baumle, 2011). Post cesarean patients experience acute pain and this is exhibited by facial grimacing, guarding of the painful area, crying and/or grunting and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRS) is one of many approaches to rate pain of varying degrees: mild, moderate and severe with respective ranges of 1-4, 5-6 and 7-10. Moderate to severe pain is experienced by post cesarean section patients