1. Which was a major result of the Protestant Reformation? a) new Christian denominations emerged b) religious teachings were no longer allowed in the universities c) the Crusades were organized d) the power of the Pope was strengthened 2. Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses were a call for a) religious revolt against the German princes b) reforms within the Roman Catholic Church c) greater papal authority d) Crusades to spread Christianity 3. Who did Luther think had too much power? a) the King b) the Nobles c) the Pope d) the Knights 4.
The Victorian period, up until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, was therefore a time of religious confusion, but also, as we will see, of great charity, as well as of birth of new beliefs. What role did religion play in the lives of citizens of this period and their society? The Victorian era was marked by the immense influence of the Church of England in religion, of course, but also in politics- being linked to the government meant it had its hand in certain social decisions, such as the oppression of dissenters. This naturally caused friction amongst people of other faith, especially the Catholics who had previously been stripped of many of their civil rights, which were only returned to them in 1827 by Parliament. They had a long wait until 1840 to see the tax-supported status of the Anglican Church be removed, making them equal once again.
Peasants were captive to their lords, essentially forced into servitude without wages. Through the worst conditions, a constant source of comfort was the Church and it's promise of a better life in Heaven. As it grew in power and riches, the Catholic Church became a political power, and peasants began to fear the church instead of worshiping the God, through the life of Jesus Christ, that it represented. In the political climate, protest was difficult. Anyone that was considered a threat to the power of the Church were often executed or exiled.
One of the main leaders in the act to resist the Roman Catholic Church’s authority and change the ideas of Christianity in the Protestant Reformation was Martin Luther. Martin Luther, a German priest in Wittenberg during the 1500s, had opposed several immoral practices of the Catholic Church not only in Germany, but also all of Europe due to the extensive reach of power
For instance, “the sale of indulgences for the benefit of the church of Rome specifically for the rebuilding of St. Peters Cathedral provoked harsh criticism, especially by those who saw the luxuries of the papacy as a betrayal of apostolic ideals ” (Fiero 119). Martin Luther stated a list of objections, called the Ninety-Five Theses, against the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation changed the course of Western civilization for the long term which led to the impact on the arts using Northern Renaissance art, music and literature. Protestant reformers made two new printmaking processes, which were woodcut and engraving. Compared to the too expensive hand-illuminated manuscripts, books with printed pictures became an inexpensive option for all (Fiero 127).
Social factors involve people’s beliefs and the way they set up their behaviours. If this itself isn’t dealt with it can cause some major problems within the society. Rome was known for numerous of these social factors including the rich became lazy and showed very little interest in trying to solve Rome’s problems, literacy rates dropped dramatically very few people had the ability to read (most Greco-Roman learning was forgotten), the increased use of slaves put many romans out of work and as German- speaking people mixed with the roman population, Latin began to change and formed the languages we know today as French, Spanish and Italian. Latin was no longer a unifying force
Renaissance and Protestant Reformation Name: University: Course: Tutor: Date: Renaissance and Protestant Reformation The protestant reformation within the western Christianity was the schism initiated such Protestants like john Wycliffe, martin Luther, john Calvin among others. It was touched off by the 1517 posting of Luther’s ninety five theses. The main aim of these self described reformers was objection to the doctrines, rituals, leadership as well as the ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church and it led to the creation of new national protestant churches (Kelly, 2009). The reformation was occasioned by early event in the European continent such as the Black Death and the western schism which impacted negatively on the people’s faith in the Catholic Church as well as the papacy that governed it. There was also the impact of the renaissance ideas which spread through the print press as well as the fall of eastern Roman Empire.
The Protestant Reformation was initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. After Martin Luther, a German friar, posted his Ninety-five Theses (or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences) in 1517, Protestant ideas spread to other European countries including Switzerland, France, and England. Ordinary people’s dissatisfaction towards the Catholic Church, early Protestants’ different understandings of the Scriptures, and rulers’ demands for escaping the Pope’s jurisdiction were all causes of the Protestant Reformation. After Christianity was recognized as the official religion of the Roman Empire, people thought that the church no longer held its original mission. They raised calls to reform institutions, improve clerical education, and change basic doctrines.
When they arrived they needed a job right away and the hard, low paying jobs were the ones they often would find. Once they settled down on the city it was almost impossible to leave. Another problem was religious prejudice. Irish immigrants were Catholic and most Americans were Protestant and many people did not trust the Irish because of their different religious beliefs. The newly arrived immigrants were also taken advantage of by people who promised jobs, housing, etc.
One of the major events that assisted the fall of the Holy Roman Empire was Thirty Years’ War. The event that started the Thirty Years’ War was “defenestration of Prague.” Two of Ferdinand’s officials were thrown out a window. The Lutherans violated the Peace of Augsburg by acquiring German Bishops, Calvinists converting princes, and Jesuits reconverting princes to Catholicism. The Calvinists and Catholics had many advantages because of that which made the Lutherans fear the Peace of Augsburg would be negatively impaired. The Lutheran Princes felt it necessary to create the Protestant Union and in retaliation the Catholics formed to Catholic League.