44 Thieves Study (Bowlby, 1944) John Bowlby believed that the relationship between the infant and its mother during the first five years of life was most crucial to socialization. He believed that disruption of this primary relationship could lead to a higher incidence of juvenile delinquency, emotional difficulties and antisocial behavior. To support his hypothesis, he studied 44 adolescent juvenile delinquents in a child guidance clinic. Aim: To investigate the effects of maternal deprivation on people in order to see whether delinquents have suffered deprivation. According to the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis, breaking the maternal bond with the child during the early stages of its life is likely to have serious effects on its intellectual, social and emotional development.
If at any point they failed, they would see this as a big mistake and give up and have a lack of motivation. It can also be argued that working class children do not get the support of their parents, this is because many of the parents believe that they survived without an education, so believe that there children can do the same. Working class families can also lack in support in terms of if the child fails a particular exam, they would not give them positive feed back on how they could improve they would improve. Whereas, it can be argued that higher class families have more motivation and the parents also give the support to the children that is needed. This would have a positive influence on the child’s education as it would give them hope and not give them an opportunity of giving up.
They both found out that children who were adopted by different families to their biological ones were more likely to develop attachments with 20/21 children developing attachments at age 8 and 17/21 when age 16. Whereas children who were restored to their natural parents were less likely to develop an attachment, with only 6/13 developing attachments at age 8 and 5/9 at age 16. Tizard and Hodges concluded that adopted children would develop good family relationships, whereas most restored children kept on experiencing problems and hardships in their family relationships most of all with their siblings. However both groups showed somewhat difficulty when it came to making relationships outside of their own family, whether they could make them within their family or
Say about background of SS & who designed it, where it was. The results of the observation showed that 15% of the infants were ‘insecure avoidant’ (type A)- they ignored their mother and didn’t mind if she left. A stranger could comfort them. 70% were ‘securely attached’ (type B)- content with their mother, upset when she left, happy when she returned and avoided strangers.
P. An application of attachment theory to the study of child abuse. [Ph.D. dissertation], California School of Professional Psychology; 1979 [3] Main, M.; & Hesse, E. Parents’ Unresolved traumatic Experiences are Related to Infant Disorganized Attachment Status: Is Frightened and/or Frightening Parental Behaviour the Linking Mechanism? In Greenberg, M.T. ; Cicchetti, D.; & Cummings, M. [Eds.]
This is more harmful to the child’s wellbeing on many different levels. Children experience the same feelings associated with divorce that adults do, they feel a loss and grief for the parent that is no longer there on a daily basis. The attachment that they had to the parent prior to the divorce has been forever changed. Some research shows that the quality of relationship between parent and child deteriorates and that the effects last until adulthood (Bouchard & Doucet, 2011). More recently laws have begun to change due to the research that shows children benefit from having both parents involved in their parenting.
One psychosocial explanation suggests that gender dysphoria is linked to some childhood trauma or maladaptive upbringing. Coates et al produced a case history of a boy who had developed GID. They proposed that the boy’s disorder was a defensive reaction to his mother’s depression following an abortion. The trauma happened when the boy was only 3, which is the age in which children are particularly sensitive to gender issues. Coates et al propose that the trauma led to a cross gender fantasy as a means of resolving the ensuing anxiety.
Thus it may have been easier for them to recover and the age in which they discovered did not have an impact, which limits to the reliability of the results. * This study challenges Bowlby’s hypothesis that the consequences of are irreversible if they are not helped before the critical period as although not all the children fully recovered they all showed significant improvement. Therefore it questions the
if the mother smokes, drinks or abuses drugs the baby could be harmed at this time or even if the maternal anxiety & stress could influence development. Infections that the mother may pick up such as rubella can create difficulties for the developing baby. A child’s development can also be influenced by when their born and during the birth. Some babies are born prematurely and this can play a part in their later development, this is one reason premature babies progress is measured according to the date they were due to be born rather than their actual birth date. External factors Poverty, this affects children and their families in a variety of ways for example, education: lack of opportunities can affect life outcomes, children from low-income families are less likely to do well academically due to the fact of potential of reduced access to quality education and the best schools as well as limited access to a variety of books, equipment plus internet.
He found that early and intensive daycare results in children being insecurely attached than children where the onset was later and less intensive. He recommended that young children, under the age of two, should not be placed in daycare for any time over 20 hours. Yet, his conclusions may not be valid as the strange situation may not be an effective tool for assessing as daycare itself results in prolonged separation that they can be accustomed to. Equally, Belsky can be criticised as he does not account for the quality of daycare in his studies. Andersson performed a study in Sweden which indicated that good quality daycare led to positive social and intellectual advantages.