The scenario will be explained and a chart will be complied that will demonstrate how classical conditioning applies to this scenario. Classical Conditioning Theory Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is the founder of the classical conditioning theory. Pavlov, a Russian psychologist was studying the secretion of stomach acids and salivation of dogs when they were presented with different kinds and different amounts of food (Feldman, 2010). While doing so, Pavlov noticed that the amount of salivation would often increase when the dogs had not eaten any food. The mere presence of the person who supplied the food or the footsteps of that person would stimulate the dogs and more stomach acid would be produced (Feldman, 2010).
This theory had the concept of: •How the surrounding environment affected one’s behaviour through their response •Behaviourism is on learning. The cooperation between stimulus and response is how learning takes place •There is no fundamental difference between behaviour of humans and animals and that each of them learn through the stimulus-response method. Classical conditioning however is a principle where a stimulus which naturally does not incite a reaction or response in a person, is joined by another stimulus which does incite a reaction. They made an experiment linked to this on dogs. Generally dogs in response to a bowl of food salivated however they wanted to see if they could pair this with a bell ringing.
Pavlov used the experiment of dogs and food as to measure the levels of salivation that a dog . When food has been associated with the assistant . He developed this when he noticed that dog was starting to salivate at the sight of the bowl of food and not the taste . He decided to experiment neutral stimulus , It has no effect at the start but when he rang the bell when he brought the food to the dogs they started to associate the food ( Which made them salivate ) with the bell. Now that classical conditioning had taken place the dogs would salivate at the sound of the bell which was now the conditioned stimulus .
The behaviourist perspective believes that our behaviour is the result of operant or classical conditioning; both of these explain behaviour as being a direct result of learning. Classical conditioning was developed by Ivan Pavlov. He conducted an experiment that involved dogs. Because dogs salivate, this is an involuntary reflexive response to the sight of smell of food. Pavlov set up an experiment where he introduced a bell at meal times; this was the neutral stimulus (NS).
B.F Skinner again starved a rat and placed it in a box with a lever. Whenever the lever was pressed by the rat, a small pellet of food dropped into a tray for the rat to eat. The rat soon learnt that when it pressed the lever it will receive food. In this experiment the lever pressing behaviour was reinforced by food, which again through operant conditioning the rat’s behaviour was shaped. In my opinion Skinner’s target was met because his aim or purpose was to shape the rat’s behaviour.
Classical conditioning is made using two stimuli. in the experiment Pavlov used sound of a bell a as a neutral stimuli and dog food as unconditioned stimuli which causes the dog to salivate. Pavlov presented the dogs with a ringing bell followed by food. The food elicited salivation, and after repeated bell-food pairings the bell also caused the dogs to salivate. In this experiment, the unconditioned stimulus is the dog food as it produces an unconditioned response, saliva.
P1: Explain the principle psychological perspectives Behaviourist: All about the behaviour being learnt * Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov): This theory was introduced by Ivan Pavlov a Russian Psychologist in 1920. The experiment in which Pavlov designed was called Pavlov’s Dog. During this animal study, Ivan researched the digestive system of dogs. He discovered that the dog would salivate before the delivery of food. He tried presenting a number of different objects in front of the dog and eventually discovered that it would salivate when every object was presented and named this response as a conditional reflex.
This is everything from shyness to aggression and happiness to depression. Classical conditioning Classical conditioning was a theory developed by a Russian psychologist called Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). He was working with dogs to investigate their digestive systems. The dogs were attached to a harness and Pavlov attached monitors to their stomachs and mouths so he could measure the rate of salivation. He noticed that the dog began to salivate when someone entered the room with a bowl of food, but before the dog had eaten the food.
Phobias are learned through elements of classical conditioning, and addictions can be learned and strengthened through elements of operant conditioning. Distinguishing between Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning, the first type of learning to be systematically studied, is defined as a procedure by which a previously neutral stimulus come to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits that response (Kowalski, 2009). Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, documented and developed the concept of classical conditioning in an experiment he conducted in which he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus, a bell, is paired with a stimulus, dog food. The dog food is a stimulus that produces a response naturally.
There are several differences, however, between classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is a well-known experiment by a Russian physician, Ivan Pavlov. In his famous experiment, Pavlov noticed dogs began to salivate in response to a tone after the sound had been repeatedly paired with the presentation of food. Pavlov quickly realized that this was a learned response and set out to further investigate the conditioning process. Classical conditioning involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus (such as the sound of a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (the taste of food).