While the SNS directs the movements of the skeletal muscles, the ANS regulates involuntary processes such as the heart beating, breathing, blood pressure, and blood sugar level. When compared to other animals’ brains, the human brain is a more complex central nervous system. The reason for this is due to the proficiency of the human brain to continuously develop both in the structure and function of numerous cells in it as a responsive mechanism towards new incoming information, experiences, and even shock, which is also known as brain plasticity. (Sanders
Part I: Explain the communication process of neurons in the brain In your body you have nerve cells that are called neurons, but your brain has about one billion neurons. The neuron releases biochemical to receive and process information to other parts of your brain or body through the tiny fibers that extend out from the cell body called dendrites. The Neuron cell generates and conducts energy or electrical impulses that can be carried from one part of the brain to another part of the brain. These neurons have branch like matters that connect forming a network of wires that go throughout your body called axons. That is how your body parts interacts and communicate with each other.
It has widespread connections with the rest of the forebrain and the midbrain. Partly through nerves and partly through hypothalamic hormones, the hypothalamus conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones (Kalat, 2003). According to “American Accreditation Health Commission,” The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycle.
Hemispheric specialization refers to the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions, such as language, emotions, motor control and so on ( Feldman, 2009). The brain is a part of the central nervous system which is the subdivision of the nervous system. Its main role is to process sensory information from various parts of the body to make them meaningful. The brain receives sensory information from all parts of the body through the spinal cord (Passer & Smith, 2009). Basically, the brain is divided into three parts.
In describing the cellular components of skeletal muscle, several specialized terms are used such as the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle is called the sarcolemma; its cytoplasm is known as sarcoplasm; the endoplasmic reticulum is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The term motor unit is used to describe a group of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve, the fibers within a single motor unit contract simultaneously (Van and Marleen,2000). Each muscle cell is surrounded by a sarcolemma and has many nuclei occurring at intervals along its length. The nuclei are displaced peripherally within a cross section of the sarcoplasm while a large number of longitudinal myofibrils, groups of arranged contractile proteins, occupy most of the center space(Tortora and Derrickson,2011). Based on nerve stimulation studies, skeletal muscles are divided into two muscle fiber types, the first type is called Slow-twitch muscle fibers which mainly rely on aerobic metabolism.
Unit 5- anatomy and physiology for health and social care Tissue types within the human body Nervous tissue Function of the nervous tissue include acting as a sensory input, incorporation, organisation of muscles and glands, homoeostasis and mental activity. All living cells have the capability of react to stimuli. The nervous tissue specialised to react to stimuli and conducts impulses to various organs in the body which bring about a response to the stimulus. The basic structure of the nervous tissue is a neuron, consisting of a nervous cell body and serval processes dendrites, which carrys impulses towards the nervous cell body and axon which carry impulses away from the cell body. Nervous tissues are found is all organs in the body some have more than others thought, Maximum in the nervous system, least in fatty deposits.
Hormones, which are chemical messengers, transfer information from one gland to another for important body functions. When the receptor is stimulated, the cell responds to the hormone in specific ways. Endocrine hormones are secreted into the bloodstream, while exocrine hormones are secreted into a duct and go through paracrine signaling. Hormones have many different effects on the body such as mood swings, metabolism regulation, control of the reproductive system, hunger cravings and many others. The glands which are involved in the endocrine system
Among other things, the right atrium is the attachment point for the sinoatrial node. The sinoatrial node or SA node is the primary pacemaker site for the heart. It is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system from the vagus nerve. The parasympathetic nervous system controls the vegetative functions of the body. As it pertains to the parasympathetic nervous system, the SA node provides the control of the heart’s rate in distress through the release of acetylcholine.
The cerebrum, which develops from the front portion of the forebrain, is the largest part of the mature brain. It consists of two large masses, called cerebral hemispheres, which are almost mirror images of each other. They are connected by a deep bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum and are separated by a layer called the falx cerebri. The cerebrum or cortex is associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. White matter is a component of the central nervous system, in the brain and superficial spinal cord, and consists mostly of glial cells and myelinated axons that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and between the cerebrum and lower brain centers.
Sensory, Motor, and Interneuron are the three major classes of neurons. Sensory neurons send information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) toward the central nervous system. Motor neurons send information away from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. Interneurons send information between sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most interneurons are located in the central nervous system.