Unit 9 Shigella Shigella infection (shigellosis) is an intestinal disease caused by a family of bacteria known as shigella. The main sign of shigella infection is diarrhea, which often is bloody. Shigella can be passed through direct contact with the bacteria in the stool. For example, this can happen in a child care setting when staff members don't wash their hands well enough after changing diapers or helping toddlers with toilet training. Shigella bacteria also can be passed in contaminated food or by drinking or swimming in contaminated water.
When that happens, bacteria may take hold and grow into a full-blown infection in the urinary tract. The most common UTIs occur mainly in women and affect the bladder and urethra. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Urinary tract infections don't always cause signs and symptoms, but when they do they may include: * A strong, persistent urge to urinate * A burning sensation when urinating * Passing frequent, small amounts of urine * Urine that appears cloudy * Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — a sign of blood in the urine * Strong-smelling urine * Pelvic pain, in women * Rectal pain, in men UTIs may be overlooked or mistaken for other conditions in older adults. COMPLICATIONS: When treated promptly and properly, lower urinary tract infections rarely lead to complications. But left untreated, a urinary tract infection can have serious consequences.
A kidney infection needs rapid medical care. If not treated accurately, a kidney infection can permanently damage your kidneys or the bacteria can spread to your bloodstream and cause a life-threatening infection. Kidney infection treatment typically consists of antibiotics and often needs hospitalization. When the 34 year old woman was brought into the emergency room the conditions that led to the conclusion of pyelonephritis is first off the fever she had and the chills. The 34 year old also had back pain, most likely lower back pain where the kidneys are located.
Pneumonia may also occur as a complication in hospital settings, secondary to surgery. The inflammation occurs in the interstitial spaces, the alveoli, and often the bronchioles. The process begins when organisms penetrate the airway mucosa and multiply in the alveoli. WBCs migrate to the area of infection, causing local capillary leak, edema and exudate. These fluids collect in and around the alveoli, and the alveolar walls thicken.
Tumors, scar tissue (adhesions), or twisting or narrowing of the intestines can cause a bowel obstruction. In the small intestine, scar tissue is most often the cause. Other causes include hernias and Crohn's disease, which can twist or narrow the intestine, and tumors, which can block the intestine. In the large intestine, cancer is most often the cause. Other causes are severe constipation from a hard mass of stool, and narrowing of the intestine caused by diverticulitis or inflammatory bowel disease.
In some cases gallstones may be removed to relieve blockage of the pancreatic duct. In the most severe cases, surgery is needed to remove dead or infected pancreatic tissue. Complications from acute pancreatitis include acute kidney failure, ARDS, ascites, Cysts or abscesses in the pancreas, and heart failure. Repeat episodes can lead to chronic pancreatitis. References Bare, B.G., Cheever, K.H., Hinkle, J.L., & Smeltzer, S.C. (2008).
Other symptoms include stomach pain and tenderness, nausea, anorexia, and occasional fever. Young children, the elderly, and those who are immunocompromised often die from dehydration before the parasite has a chance to attack the liver. Healthy adults can usually survive beyond the initial dehydration and progress into the liver failure stage of Amebiasis, which is difficult and expensive to treat and will ultimately lead to death if left untreated. After breaking through the mucosal lining of the stomach and intestines, the parasite migrates to the liver and begins eating it, causing infected, pus oozing abscesses. Without treatment the abscesses can grow and expand until the liver fails completely.
Foodborne Illness Short Answers 1. Giardia is a genus of anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasites of the phylum Retortamonada in the super group “Excavata” that colonize and reproduce in the small intestines of several vertebrates, causing giardiasis. Once a person or animal has been infected with Giardia, the parasite lives in the intestines and is passed in the feces (poop). Once outside the body, Giardia can sometimes survive for weeks or months. Giardia can be found within every region of the United States and around the world.
Common symptoms include chest pain, shaking chills, fever, dry cough, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, rapid breathing and rapid heart rate. Symptoms that may indicate a medical emergency are bluish skin tone, labored breathing, high fever and confusion. Management and treatment of pneumonia involves a course of antibiotics. This patient is allergic to clindamycin and vancomycin, so he is being treated with tazobactam/piperacillin. The patient is also receiving multiple courses of respiratory treatment, including vest therapy, cough assistance and nebulizer treatments.
Some people actually confuse their mild outbreaks with other skin conditions such as “eczema”. Early after infection, some people experience prodrome, a tingling, itching feeling that occurs in an area where blisters will shortly develop. Contrary to popular belief, both types can cause genital herpes (Osondu). Transmission is made during contact with a sore or fluid from an infected person, including fetal infection during birth when sores are present on the mother. The reservoirs of the virus are typically ocular, oral, or genital epithelial cells (Hodge).