Standard costing also helps managers set target level performance and standards as well as sales prices of products. 2. Based on the purchase of 220,000 square yards of material and a difference of 25 cents from the actual price of $8.25 and standard price $8 leads to an unfavorable price variance of $55,000. As for the difference between the actual 110,000 material used and the 120,000 budgeted, once the budgeted $8 price is factored in we find a favorable quantity variance of $80,000.Finally the difference between an unfavorable $55,000 and favorable $80,000 we have a $25,000 favorable flexible budget variance. 3.
Retrieved June 13, 2008 from http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/ful/40/5/22?maxtoshow=40&hits=40 |Mental health practitioners and advocates |Suggest guidelines and algorithms |Michigan |March 4, 2005 |Prescription and monitoring of drugs for clients with major depression |Project called Michigan Mental Health Evidence-Based Practice Initiative |Guidelines and algorithms recommendation to adopt Texas Implementation of Medication Algorithms |No follow-up of the presented proposal | |U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2002). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/depression/depressrr.htm |depressed adults and children |USPSTF concludes evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against screening |Rockvill, MD |1st 2002 |Major Depression is the fourth leading cause of worldwide disease in 1990 |Fourteen randomized, controlled trials |Screening improves the accurate identification of depressed patients in primary care settings |Limited evidence on accuracy and reliability of screening , effectiveness of therapy in primary care settings, lack of empirical data regarding adverse
Men are two and a half times more likely than women to have alcohol abuse problems. Due to the accessibility and price, alcohol is also becoming a problem among Australia’s teenage population. In a study conducted in 2004, 25% of those aged 14-19 drink alcohol on a daily or weekly basis. The study also stated that 77% of boys in that age group consume high intensity beers, while 85% of girls of the same group consume liquors. There has been an increase of young people with alcohol problems in youth centers, police stations and hospitals in the past five years.
Therefore it is thought that life stress and negative emotions can reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. A criticism with this study is that a cause and effect can’t be established because there was no direct manipulation of the independent variable i.e. the stress index. This was a questionnaire so demand characteristics were present meaning that they could have not been telling the truth (social desirability) or have forgotten. Also in this study there wasn’t a direct way of measuring immune function and is only an indirect study.
In the 1960’s and 1970’s when many states had lowered the MLDA, besides the rise in drunk-driving deaths, studies showed that people raised from childhood in under-21 states were involved in higher rates of alcohol and drug use as adults, and had a higher rate of homicides and suicides. (Moses, 2011) This in turn convinced federal law makers to raise the MLDA again to 21. However, in order to encourage states to comply, the federal government would tighten their purse strings and states would receive little or no funding towards highways. So while there are those who do not necessarily care one way or the other about the actual age limit on alcohol consumption, they do prefer having the federal
You may also be more likely to binge drink if you are feeling peer pressure to do so. Or, you may be feeling anxious or socially awkward, for example at a party, and you may binge drink with the aim to reduce those feelings. 14 per cent of men and 11 per cent of women drink every day Half of Britain's young adults first got drunk before the age of 15. liver disease could become one of the biggest killers as a result of the country's binge drinking culture. 48 per cent of those in the 18 to 24 age group were between the ages of 13 and 15 when they first got drunk, while 6 per cent were aged under 12. It also found that 14 per cent of men and 11 per cent of women drink every day and 6 per cent of men drink more than a week's recommended alcohol intake in one night.
In addition the cognitive approach takes no account of biological or genetic factors in psychopathology. However it does emphasise the important role of cognitive factors in psychological disorders. Moreover, in some cases disorders such as depression may lead to dysfunctional thinking rather than the other way
Lots of pre- and early adolescent children with bipolar disorder are more severely ill than adults with the disease. Around 25% of children with bipolar disorder are seriously suicidal and have a much higher risk for mixed mania, multiple and continuous cycles, and a long duration of illness without a gap in between (Suicide Rate, 2007). According to the National Mental Association statistics 30 to 70% of suicide victims have suffered from some kind of depression. Interestingly, men commit almost 75% of these suicides, even though twice as many women attempt it (Statistics,
Alcohol: Underage drinking in the United States is widespread problem. Alcohol is ranked the highest for most abused substance within the United States, posing many problems for the youth. Some of the reasons one under 21 might drink is due to peer pressure, increased independence, or stress. The numbers can be alarming as by age 15, already a third of teens have had a drink, and then by 18, 60 percent of teens have had a drink. What is more frightening is 11 percent of all alcohol consumed in the United State is by 12 to 20-year olds; most of the time these people can get a hold of alcohol for free.
Other countries provide a strong example here. Most European countries with lower drinking ages have not only higher drinking rates, but higher binge-drinking/intoxication rates. As a result, several of these countries, such as the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada are considering increasing their drinking ages because the 21 minimum drinking age is so effective. In this country, from 1983 to 1988, binge drinking among 12th graders dropped 15 percent during the same time binge drinking rates were increasing among the same age groups in Canada. In fact, all underage drinking is unsafe drinking.