Movements and Policies Against India's Caste System

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In a 1987 essay on Jarwahal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, K.R. Narayanan expanded Nehru's claim that “in a poor country all you can get is a poverty-stricken socialism” to include the “social truth” that “in a caste-ridden society all you can get is a caste-ridden democracy or a caste-ridden socialism or a caste-ridden communism” (Narayanan, 1987, p. 242). At first glance Narayanan's assessment seems bleak for anyone looking for upward social mobility within India's caste system, until one realizes that only a decade later, in 1997, Narayanan would go on to become President of India, the first Dalit, or “untouchable,” to do so. Gone are the days when careers and stations were decided entirely by caste, and discrimination by caste is now against the law in India. Nevertheless, stories of social mobility like Narayanan's remain the exception, rather than the rule, and the deep social roots of the caste system remain even if the law has changed. Narayanan was keenly aware of the effects of the caste system, coming from a lower caste himself. In the same essay cited above, Narayanan argued that if anyone was “interested in the progress of out country, they should direct attention to the […] caste system which is […] paralyzing all constructive policies and actions for the uplifting of the people and the restructuring of society” (Narayanan 1987, p. 244). For Narayanan, social change would come from confronting the caste-system head-on, and in a sense confronting the caste-system in this way led to his election as president; as formal, legal discrimination was abolished, castes became more closely aligned with political parties, and 1995 saw the first Dalit-led state government (Rajagopal, 1999, p. 75). Two years later, Narayanan became President. However, while increased political representation has offered a form of social mobility for members of lower
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