“Great Pandemic”: The Black Death Tax farming: able to deliver large amounts of grain, cash, and silk. ‘The Mongol Yoke”: Describes the ruthless Mongol rule over the Slavs for about 200 years after the conquest of Chinggis Khan. The Mongols used existing Slavic princes as servants and tax collectors. Good princes were rewarded with heredity. Alexander Nevsky began the process of making the princes more powerful, and it was finished by Ivan III, who overthrew the Mongols and became Russia's first tzar Tsar: Russian title for monarch to refer Russian Ruler, Ivan III (r. 1462-1505) Teutonic Knights: Order of German Knights founded in Jerusalem who shifted their area of operation in 1211 to eastern Europe to convert non-Christians Places The Ukraine: a country in Eastern Europe Empires / Kingdoms Il-khan Empire: a “secondary” or “peripheral” khan based in Persia.
(Old and Sold) “The battle of Pultowa is one of the most famous battles in the world’s history. Charles and Peter, at that time the battle was fought, were the greatest rulers and warriors of the day, and the long and bitter struggle between them had been watched by all Europe”. (Old and Sold) Peter won the battle and with that he was able to accomplish a lot. “He was able to expand the territory of Russia and trade with it. He also introduced Russia to western culture.” (Boris Schorschoff) Although, even when Peter had finally started taking over Sweden, Turkey was left to take over.
After the Second World War had ended, large parts of the world were divided among the Allied victors, (called the spheres of influence.) America retained influence over the Western Hemisphere, and a large majority of the Eastern European and Asian Hemispheres were relinquished as the Soviet Union’s. This clash of hemispheres brought much attention to Europe and Asia at the time, due to the heavy drive for the Sino-Soviet communists to expand, and America to repress that expansionism. But, for those highly publicized decades, there are hardly any reports of the influence of the cold war over the Middle East. While Russia sought to expand gradually through the world, Afghanistan until the late 1970’s was the last of the Soviet’s worries.
The tribes were linked by similar religious beliefs but until the advent of Chingis (Genghis) Khan, the Mongols were not truly united. Each tribe had a leader who “fruitlessly defended their land, due to the large disintegration of the many clans.” (E-Mongol, 1999) The catalyst in their meteoric rise to empire
AP World History Class Notes Ch 18 Mongols & Eurasian Nomads August 7, 2004 Nomadic herders populated the steppes of Asia for centuries during the classical and postclassical eras and periodically came into contact and conflict with the established states and empires of the Eurasian land mass. It was not until the 11th century, however, that the nomadic peoples like the Turks and Mongols began to raid, conquer, rule, and trade with the urban-based cultures in a systematic and farreaching manner. While these resourceful and warlike nomads often left a path of destruction in their wake, they also built vast transregional empires that laid the foundations for the increasing communication and exchange that would characterize the period from
4. Genghis Khan and the Mongols formed the largest empire in history, nearly unifying the entire Eurasian continent. For example, after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, China split up into separate kingdoms, the Qin and the Song. One of Genghis Khan’s grandchildren, Khubilai Khan followed in his grandfather’s footsteps and politically and administratively unified these kingdoms back together. 5.
The Mongols united under Temujin and expanded to control the area from Poland to Siberia. A Great Khan is a supreme ruler. After Gengis Khan’s death, his empire was divided among his sons and grandsons. The territories were Domain of the Great Khan, Khanate of Jagadai, Il-Khans, and Khanate of the Golden Horde. War Tactics: The Mongols were very strategic, used various tricks on enemies to confuse them.
Yurts- felt tents that could move as Mongols lived on horseback II. Genghis (Chenghis) Khan 1162-1227 A.D. (universal ruler) His real name is Temujin A. Characteristics that made him a great conqueror (pg 296) 1. brillant organizer- armies of 10,000 -1,000-100 companies-10 platoon 2. strategist- used trick to draw his enemies out: lure them out with small calavry, decoys 3. adopted new weapons and technology- captured Chinese built catapults and gunpowder charges –turned these on walled cities
The Mongol Empire although short-lived was one of the largest and most powerful empires ever on the face of the Earth, especially considering the time period. The Mongol Empire lasted for a mere 185 years, small in comparison to the Roman Empire, and yet in that short time it was able accomplish more than many countries, empires, or kingdoms could ever hope to. At its height the empire covered an area from modern day Korea, China, Russia, the Middle East, India, and all the land in between. However in many ways the enormity of the Mongol Empire is what would ultimately destroy it. The official beginning of the Mongol Empire began in the year 1206 when Temujin was declared Genghis Khan and ruler of all Mongol people.
Between the 9th and 12th centuries, the Principality of Polotsk (northern Belarus) emerged as the dominant center of power on Belarusian territory, with a lesser role played by the Principality of Turaŭ in the south. Upon the death of Kievan Rus' ruler Yaroslav I the Wise, the state split into independent principalities. These Ruthenian principalities were badly affected by a Mongol invasion in the 13th century, and many were later incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Of the principalities held by the Duchy, nine were settled by ancestors of the Belarusian people. During this time, the Duchy was involved in several military campaigns, including fighting on the side of Poland against the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410; the joint victory allowed the Duchy to control the northwestern borderlands of Eastern Europe.