They say that even though it didn’t change the actual law of seditious libel, it was an important step in establishing the principle of freedom of the press and it represented the legitimacy of opposition to the government. It was a critical event in history which contributed to revolutionizing America. I would like to actual take a stance and argue one of these points of view. There is a lot of history to review about this case. Given the information I have read regarding the Zenger Affair, I would have to agree that it had an enormous impact on New York’s history.
While the English colonies were growing rapidly along the Atlantic seaboard, French fur traders and explorers were venturing deep into the heart of North America. It could be only a matter of time before the rivalries between France and England elsewhere in the world would be sharply reflected in a final struggle for the ownership of the North American continent. the primary differences between the French and English Colonization policies are the following: the French colonies treated the natives with great diplomacy, whereas the British colonies treated the natives as savages and lesser creatures. The French approach to colonization was based on integrating its colonial people into a “Greater France" through cultural assimilation and administrative centralization. on the other hand, British Indirect rule was a system where external military and tax control was operated by the British, while almost every other aspect of life was left to local pre-colonial aristocracies who had sided with the British during the conquest.
The Functionalist approach to the study of crime states that crime has two positive functions for society. Durkheim claims that crime retains boundary maintenance. He states that crime produces a reaction from society, effectively uniting its members in condemnation of the wrongdoer and reinforcing their commitment to the shared norms and values. Secondly, he claims that all acts of social change start with an act of deviance, so in the long run deviant tendencies will give rise to a new culture and morality. For example, the wishing for African-American rights in America included several acts of deviance by breaking several laws yet it paved the way for the Civil Rights Movement.
Europeans conquered America and then brought slaves from Africa and made their own benefits. They started a new political system named democracy, which is a good name to cover Plutocracy and deceiving common people by the word freedom, to reinforce their social power and positions. As this democracy, which was made by the elites, went on, the elites have conquered other parts of the world through war which seemed legitimate by democracy. Moreover, they have continued slavery that changed into the form of labor. American history has been continued by contradictions which are mixed by slavery, conquest, democracy, and freedom.
There is also agreement on an adversary system, procedural due process, and one’s day in court (Zalman, 2008). The most important function of the crime control model is as stated by Packer (1968), ‘the repression of criminal conduct by the criminal process’” “because public safety is essential to personal freedom” (Zalman, 2008, p. 5). The presumption surrounded by this value system is, in American society there will be a breakdown of public order if law enforcement does not keep a tight reign on criminals and their activities, and citizens of this
This new American law that was developed was based on the ideals of the settlers but was also greatly influenced by English law. A few things that were taken and used in forming American law were the English court system, the Magna Carta slash English common law, and the English bill of rights. There were more than just these four things, but these make up the main source of English influence on American law. The English court system is much older than people tend to think it is, granted it has changed over time, but he base has stayed
Forensic Psychology Offender Profiling P1: *Offender profiling is a set of techniques and tools that uses psychological theory and methods to improve criminal investigations. It is a very new field of psychology, and is based on the observation and not the theory. The use of offender profiling in both investigations has become popular and with the pressure to use it as evidence in court, it is important that an in-depth investigation is made into its validity and that it is backed by observation research. Offender profiling is also known as criminal profiling, criminal personality profiling, criminological profiling, behavioral profiling or criminal investigative analysis. There are so many different names because of the multiple television shows such as Profiler in the 1990s and The Silence of the Lambs.
CJA/214 Due Date: April 15th, 2012 Sir Robert Peel on American Policing and its History Men’s preoccupations with maintaining the status quo of the society and the survival of the nucleus family are the essences for creating rules and procedures to punish, and rehabilitate offenders of the statutory laws created according to needs and times of the society. The need for social control dates back as early 2200 with the established Hammurabi Code by the Sumerian, with laws prescribing punishment for certain offenses. As towns became cities, cities became provinces, and provinces became countries, or states the laws became complex, and society needed provisions to implement and enforce the law. The Romans- of 510B.C.-the greatest empire still influencing super powers of today, developed the Praetorian Guards to protect the emperor and his empire, the Urban Cohort to police the city of Rome, and the vigils, firemen, to patrol the city of Rome at night, to maintain the vast conquering empire laws and procedures ("Troops In Rome", 1999). The monarchy of England also established two precepts of the criminal justice system of the present United States.
He remained in that office until 1830. During his time in office, he passed the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, which may be the most important influence on American police agencies today. In the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, Sir Robert Peel created the new way of policing that is followed by modern police in America today. Peel pushed for preventing crimes and reforming criminals rather than punishment being the only option. This made laws more humane and punishments less excessive (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
However, between 1789 and 1865, conflicts arose due to the controversies regarding federal power and states’ rights. The manifestation of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions as well as Hartford Convention underlined nullification, secession, and various states’ and regional rights as pertinent areas of controversy due to the ambiguous nature of the Constitution. Simultaneously, rulings in the Marshall Court assisted the long term enforcement of supreme federal power in the nation for years to come. Eventually, these conflicts would help fuel the beginnings of the Civil War, the results of which finalized the idea of strong, centralized federal power and annulled two extreme states’ rights: nullification and secession. In 1798, the first conflict regarding the controversy between federal and state power arose.