Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide used in cells as a coenzyme. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is produced cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including active transport, respiration, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by ATP synthase from inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ATP is used is many organisms and also in different ways.
It carries energy around the cell to where it’s needed. ATP is synthesised from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) using energy from an energy-releasing reaction e.g the breakdown of glucose in respiration. The energy is stored as chemical energy in the phosphate bond, the enzyme ATP synthase catalyses this reaction. ATP diffuses to the part of the cell that needs energy. Here it’s broken down back into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
Different ways organisms use ATP ATP is a source of energy used for many different processes. ATP provides an immediate source of energy in a cell and is synthesised from ADP + Pi. One way in which organisms use ATP is for active transport. In active transport, molecules are moved from a low concentration to a high concentration. One example of where this would occur is glucose absorption into the blood.
Respiration is a series of biochemical pathways that take place in order to create the ATP needed for an organism to survive. ATP is created by either oxidation or reduction reactions depending on what type of respiration process is taking place. An oxidation reaction is when the biochemical pathway has to lose electrons, while in reduction reactions gain electrons to create ATP (Notes, 9/30/15). Aerobic respiration is a biochemical pathways that creates ATP through a series of oxidation reactions. In this type of process, the electron acceptor that would be used is NAD+ and the final electron acceptor has to be oxygen.
a) The citric acid cycle completes the degradation of glucose. Give specific structural formulas for the reactants and products of each step and name the associated enzymes. Are these processes oxidative or reductive overall for the carbon
Each of these is converted in a number of steps to pyruvate (another 3-carbon sugar), a process that releases some energy, and a hydrogen atom, which is transferred for use in the respiratory chain by the co-enzyme NAD. The Pyruvate molecules then diffuse into the mitochondrial matrices within the cell. They are then converted to acetyl co-enzyme A (a two-carbon compound) with a Carbon Dioxide (CO2) molecule and a Hydrogen atom (taken up by co-enzyme NAD again) given off. Acetyl Co-enzyme A then enters the Krebs cycle. In this metabolic cycle the 2-carbon acetyl compound dissociates from the co-enzyme A and is converted into a 4-carbon oxaloacetate compound, which in turn is converted into a 6-carbon citrate compound.
(Swann, 2008) The pancreas also makes amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Hypothesis: Most enzymes are very specific for a certain substrate. The active site on the enzyme molecule forms a keyhole into which the substrate fits like a key. The substrate molecule is then broken up into many smaller pieces. “The higher the reaction temperature, the more kinetic
Respiration is a process through which energy is released from glucose or another organic chemicals. As such, it is significant for the survival of all living organisms, whether animals or plants or microscopic bacteria. It serves two fundamental purposes in living organisms: first is the removal of the electrons generated during catabolism and second, is generation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Respiration occurs in two different ways, namely, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration is oxygen-based cellular respiration that uses oxygen to generate energies through the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Investigation of the effect of Substrate concentration on Catalase activity Research Question: To investigate enzyme kinetics, using catalase enzyme from the yeast extract. Background Information: Enzymes are proteins which catalyze reactions that take place in the body or they increase the rate of the biological reactions. In an enzyme catalyzed reaction, the substrate binds to the active site and forms the enzyme-substrate complex with the enzyme. The enzyme breaks the bonds present in the substrate; the final product of this reaction leaves the enzyme which remains unchanged after the reaction. Catalase is a substance which is produced by the liver to break down hydrogen peroxide.
2nd step: The second step consist of the start point of glycogenesis and it’s a reversible reaction which transform the Glucose -6P to Glucose -1P. The enzymes responsible from this reaction is the Phosphoglucomutase. Glucose -6P Glucose -1P The phosphoglucomutase catalyze the reaction by moving a functional group, here it’s a phosphate group. 3rd step: The third step consist to transform the Glucose -1P to UDP-Glucose. The enzyme responsible is UDP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase and this reaction consumes UTP.