CHEM 112-507 Spring 2014 Technical Abstract: Determination of Equilibrium Constant, Ka, and pKa Using Spectrophotometry Introduction A useful measure in general chemistry is the pKa value; a pKa value reveals the acidity of given hydrogen atoms within molecules. In this experiment pKa of solution is determined from its measured absorbance. Materials and Methods To begin the experiment one must prepare the spectrophotometric samples. First, obtain a 150 mL beaker, a 250 mL beaker, four 50 mL beakers, a 5 mL serological pipet, four 1.0 cm path-length cuvettes. Once you have located these items, bring them back to the lab station and set them carefully out of the way.
The metabolism of fructose starts with an enzyme called fructokinase. Fructokinase is an enzyme that is found in the liver. Fructokinase produces F1P. Next, an enzyme named aldolase B will convert the F1P into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. The body will use these enzymes to get rid of energy.
Approximately 20 drops of a .04% Bromothymol blue solution was then added to the beaker of the phosphate buffer. Using a clean 5 mL serological pipette, transfer 5 mL of the phosphate buffer and Bromothymol blue solution to each of three clean 150 mL beakers. Next, using the buret for HCl, add 1 mL of HCl to one of the three beakers, then label this beaker “Yellow”. Next use the buret for NaOH and add 1 mL of NaOH to another of the three beakers, and label this beaker “Blue”. Lastly add 1 mL of water using the buret for water to the last beaker, and label this beaker “Green”.
Record several points of pH and NaOH added (especially near equivalence point) to be use later to prepare a titration curve. Observations and Results Part I: Solution | pH | 0.1 M HCl | .70 | 0.1 M NaOH | 13.30 | Part II: Volume of 0.1 M NaOH at equivalence point: 35mL pH at equivalence point: 11.45 Molarity of the Unknown Acid A (HCl): 2.0 x 10-4 Discussion In this lab, we found out that water self ionizes itself into hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion naturally to a very small extent. An indicator, in an acid base reaction, is a substance whose color changes over a particular pH range. Phenolphthalein is an example of an indicator which changes from colorless to pink as pH goes from 8 to 10. We plotted the pH against the amount of base added producing a
University of Phoenix Material Animation: Cells & Chemistry Glycolysis After viewing the animation, answer these questions. Cells derive energy from the oxidation of nutrients, such as glucose . The oxidation of glucose to pyruvate occurs through a series of steps called glucosis . How many carbons are in a molecule of glucose? 6 The energy related during these oxidation reactions is used to form adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ), the __energy currency of the cell.
Describe how the storage of molecules is broken down and used to produce ATP. The process of ATP formation occurs when you inhale or exhale. In this cycle beta oxidation occurs causing fatty acids to be broken down into two carbons which forms
This causes the excitation of two electrons, and they move to a higher energy level. These high-energy electrons move along electron transport chains in a series of redox reactions, releasing energy which activates the enzyme ATPase required in the production of ATP. Reduced NADP (NADPH) is also formed during the light-dependent reaction. The products ATP and reduced NADP from the light-dependent reaction are then used in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis (aka the Calvin cycle). Both ATP and NADPH are responsible for the reduction of glycerate-3-phosphate into triose phosphate, which is converted into many useful organic compounds like carbohydrates, mainly glucose.
(Wolfe, 2000) Sucrose also known as table sugar breaks down to glucose and fructose naturally by the body. Glucose goes off to start in glycolysis. Fructose is broken down by and enzyme named fructokinase in the liver. Once fructokinase, the enzyme, and fructose, the substrate, attach at the enzymes active site then the product that is released is called fructose-1-phospate and the enzyme fructokinase is recycled back to start process all over. The second step in fructose metabolism is the breaking down of fructose-1-phospate by an enzyme called adolase B.
Citric acid occurs in the matrix of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial. Citric acid starts after the glycolysis cycle produces the acetyl CoA compound and passes down two of the pyruvic acid molecules into the citric acid cycle. The acetyl CoA are broken down into carbon dioxide molecules with the formation of the two carbon dioxide molecules per each acetyl CoA, one ATP molecule is also made. • What is the role of the electron transport system? Include the reactants and the products.
Introduction Aerobic cellular respiration is the basis of energy for most living organisms. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the fuel utilized for life. ATP is manufactured in a series of reactions that begin in the cytoplasm of the cell where glucose by the process of glycolysis is converted to pyruvate molecules. Pyruvates are then converted through an oxidative process to create acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is transported within the cell to the mitochondrion, a specialized organelle where acetyl-CoA converts into ATP.