“Letter from a Birmingham Jail”: a Rhetorical Analysis

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On April 12, 1963, a group of white Birmingham clergymen wrote a letter to Martin Luther King Jr., who, at the time, was imprisoned in the Birmingham jail for breaking a court injunction requiring him to discontinue the civil rights protests. While supporting the civil rights movement, the letter emphasized the clergymen’s wish that the movement take place within the government and without public protests on the streets of Birmingham. King believed that the clergymen’s position in the letter, requesting that the demonstrations on the street not take place, lacked justice. Their desire to avoid a public demonstration failed to acknowledge the unjust conditions under which the African American community was forced to protest. King then responded openly with a letter that he addressed to the clergymen, but it was also directed to the entire world. King’s strong use of rhetorical devices helped him present his three main ideas: the reason he was in Birmingham, why changes needed to occur, and what he planned to do to bring about the change. Much of King’s letter is written with appeal, a rhetorical device he uses to help the audi-ence see his point of view. King begins the letter by addressing his “fellow clergymen” and in-troduces himself as “president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.” By establish-ing his position, it allows him to speak to the white clergymen on a more personal level while remaining respectful and polite. By the end of the letter King hopes to meet them “not as an inte-grationist or a civil rights leader but as a fellow clergyman and a Christian brother.” King uses ethos, the demonstration of character, to establish the fact that he is at the same educational level as the clergymen and that the only thing separating them is race. He also incorporates logos, the use of logic, in order to state the “hard, brutal facts.” King

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