It marks the beginning of attachment. In the process of operant conditioning, the mother rewards the infant by feeding him, so the infant associates the mother with the reward and repeats any action that brings her close. This happens because food brings a feeling of pleasure to the baby. Food is a primary reinforcer by removing discomfort; it reinforces the behaviour that led to its arrival. But food never comes without the mother bringing it so the mother becomes the secondary reinforcer, even without bringing food; the presence of the caregiver reduces discomfort and brings a feeling of pleasure.
They had learned a new stimulus response of salivation whenever the door was opened. Pavlov's study can then be applied to explaining childhood attachment. Food, which is an unconditioned stimulus, naturally produces a sense of pleasure, which is an unconditioned response. The person who feeds (which is a conditioned stimulus) the infant becomes associated with the food, which slowly over time allows the infant to associate the 'feeder' with pleasure/ This means that pleasure has now become a conditioned response. This association is the attachment bond between infants and caregivers.
Bowlby argued that attachment was an "evolved mechanism;" an innate response that ensured the survival of the child. Bowlby argued that the first attachment between a baby and its caregiver provided the child with an internal working model. This is referred to as the continuity hypothesis and it gives the child an idea of themselves as lovable (or not) and of other people as trustworthy (or not.) Bowlby suggested the idea of monotropy in his attachment theory; the idea that an attachment to a single caregiver provides the experience of an intense emotional relationship and forms the basis of the internal working model; it is the schema a child has for forming future relationships, both socially and personally. He also described social releasers; sucking, smiling, crying and cuddling.
Outline and Evaluate behavourist view of attachment The learning theory refers to as behaviourists theory' attempts to explain all behaviour in terms of conditioning. The learning theory suggests that through classical conditioning, which is to associate a stimulus with a response, in this case it is food, the baby becomes attached with the person feeding them, causing them to associate their caregivers with food. The baby feels secure around the caregiver because the caregiver is satisfying the babies' psychological needs. This theory is a 'cupboard-love' theory because a baby will only become attached to someone who fulfills his or her psychological needs. This theory may have something to do with the development of attachment because the baby is dependent on the caregiver to feed them, and without food the baby will not survive.
The central idea of attachment theory is that mothers who are available and responsive to their infant’s needs establish a sense for security. The infant knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to explore their surroundings. The characteristics involved with attachment theory are: a safe haven, secure base, proximity maintenance and separation distress. In the process of forming attachments, infants learn a lot about other people and themselves. For example, a baby slowly develops expectations about shared routines (“ When Grandma says,’ Peekaboo’, I hide my eyes and we both laugh”), beliefs about other people’s trustworthiness (“Mommy takes care of me”), emotional connections (“ I love my Daddy”), and a
The two main developmental benefits as stated by Schwarschild (2006) by bringing about family mealtimes are as follows. Firstly there are several positive mental benefits developed by committing to family mealtimes. As mentioned by Schwarschild (2006) mealtimes give children a sense of security (Schwarschild, 2006, p. 95). Children and adolescents are able to develop more extensive vocabularies, build conversation and understand language at an earlier age (Schwarschild, 2006, p. 95.)
Although an overabundance of praise to a child can have harmful effects, I believe that adequate amounts of praise strengthens children’s behavior, thus I supports Strain and Joseph. Alfie Kohn rested his belief that praise harms children on five concrete reasons. The first is that praise manipulates children and has been nicknamed “sugar-coated control” by Rheta DeVries. She named praise this because she believed that telling a child “good job” gets him/her to comply to our wishes. Both Kohn and DeVries believe that by positively reinforcing a child, you are taking away their independence.
In addition he suggested the idea of monotropy, which is the suggestion that infants tend to direct attachment behaviours towards a single attachment figure, and that there is one special bond and this is typically between a mother and its child. The attachment being two ways is very important, and Bowlby believed that both parties should find satisfaction and enjoyment from the relationship. He suggested that babies are born programmed to behave in ways that will make attachments easier to form, for example they will display behaviour that encourages attention from adults, these include smiling and cooing etc. These are known as social releasers because the point of
The child then receives a sticker for ‘being a good helper’. | |Albert Bandura’s theory of social learning is based on learning from others, may that be an adult or their
Bowlby’s evolutionary theory of attachment suggests that children come into theworld pre-programmed to form attachments with others as this will help them tosurvive. His theory consists of five clear factors that were linked to the developmentof attachment from an infant to its primary care giver; usually the mother. Firstly hestates that attachments are “adaptive” which means the child is at an advantageto survive as it ensures safety and food in order to reproduce. Bowlby states thatchildren are born with innate social releasers such as laughing, crying and attractivefacial features including big cheeks and large eyes which provide them with extracare and comfort. It is important for the infant to form a bond with its caregiverwithin a certain period of time, also known as the critical period.