Facet joint pain: physiology, diagnosis and treatment The facet joint has been increasingly recognized as an important cause of low back and neck pain. It has been estimated that facet joint pathology is a contributory factor in 15–52% of patients with chronic low back pain. However, it has also been reported that the prevalence of isolated facet joint pain may be as low as 4% (Binder D. S. and Nampiaparampil D. E., 2009). Prevalence rates of facet arthrosis were examined on 647 cadaveric lumbar spines. By the age of 60, 100% of the samples had prominent facet arthrosis.
ScienceDaily states, “According to the NCAA, female athletes are at least twice as likely to suffer an ACL injury as male athletes and in some cases up to eight times more likely” (“Why Women Suffer More Knee Injuries"). Female anatomy and knee alignment contribute to these statistics. A male knee has more room for the ACL to stretch while twisting than a female knee. This lack of space causes the knee to pinch, and possibly tear, the ligament. Knee alignment for females is also at a greater angle than males because the pelvis of a female is wider than that of a male (McAlindon).
In my opinion, a disease that can be controlled by just keeping yourself healthy, should not be a leading cause of death. Unfortunately, cancer is becoming more common in the United states. According to cancer.gov, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer with about 235,000 new cases expected in the United states in 2014. This is shocking to me that in just one year, that many cases of just one type of cancer can be found. Chronic lower respiratory diseases are the third leading causes of death.
Aside from treatment options of exercise and dietary supplements, bisphosphonates are the main class of drugs for the treatment of osteopenia and osteoporosis in early 2011, made from two phosphonic groups. The drugs worked by slowing the breakdown of bone by osteoclasts, resulting in an increase in BMD and a decrease in fractures. Despite the strong efficacy of bisphosphonates, compliance was low; studies indicated that about 50% of patients discontinued oral bisphosphonate therapy within the first year. Prolia’s competition: | U.S. Sales (mil) | Year | Boniva | $600.00 | 2008 | Reclast | $579.00 | 2010 | Evista | $682.00 | 2009 | Forteo |
Hospitals with 150 to 300 beds also are more likely to have low RN staffing ratios in medical-surgical units. In contrast, small hospitals with less than 50 beds have lower staffing ratios in intensive care units. There appear to be clusters of low-staff hospitals in certain counties. There is little research to suggest that minimum staffing mandates will improve quality of care, but research on this topic is improving rapidly. Spetz concludes that the "data suggest that some hospitals staff substantially lower than the state average.
Again, due to his hand-washing practices, death rates dropped to less than 1% in his hospital, but remained as high as 15% elsewhere. Semmelweis’s ideas were recognised in Hungary, but not in Vienna, where he was ridiculed. He published a book explaining his ideas in 1861 and sent it to other countries. His discoveries were not accepted. Semmelweis had a breakdown in 1865.
Dementia Awareness Dementia is not a disease in its own rights and it is not a part of the normal aging process. It is a progressive condition which means it will gradually become worse. This is because when dealing with dementia brain cells will begin to die and as these brain cells cannot usually be replaced the cells die and the brain begins to shrink. It is a common illness and affects around 820,000 people just in the UK alone. Most people who suffer with it are over 65 but there are 150,000 people under 65 who also suffer with it.
When affected by a spinal fracture, the end results vary. Some things that can result from having a spinal fracture include: a lifetime of back pain, loss of height, and (or) deformation to the back/ spine. The Risk Profile is currently only accurate for women; and it states that “compared with men, women are four times more likely to develop the disease, and we understand their risk factors much better”. One out of every two women over the age of fifty has a fracture from osteoporosis. Additionally, people whom have osteoporosis that goes untreated usually feel no pain until a bone breaks.
The Modern Plague: Obesity With one of the highest obesity rates in the world, many Americans are affected by this disease, however, they continue to make poor choices in regards to their health. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that over 65% of U.S. adults were overweight, 32% were obese, and about 5% were extremely obese (Marchiondo). Considering that more than half of our population is at risk for obesity, Americans do not seem very distraught. Even with all the dieting techniques, negative depictions in the media towards heavier individuals, advanced technology to help combat obesity, and being one of the world’s most developed nations in terms of resources
The E2 form seems to decrease the risk of Alzheimer disease, E4 increases the risk. The presence of an E4 gene only means that the risk of Alzheimer disease is increased. It doesn’t predict the disease in a person who doesn’t have any symptoms of Alzheimer disease, and that as many as 50 percent of people with two E4 genes will not develop the disease. The association of E4 and Alzheimer disease is weak in very old people, where the risk of Alzheimer disease is very high because of advanced age. Some research suggest that most people with one E3 gene and E4 gene will not get the disease Other researchers Shiver(2011) suggested that Alzheimer disease is not considered as a genetic disease because no single gene determines if an individual will develop the illness.