At Plombieres meeting of 1858 Cavour and Napoleon III agreed to work together which the agreement was Nice and Savoy are going to belong to France(so there would be no complete unification) and fought the war of 1859 against Austria. France also help weekend Austrian power and turn a blind eye when Cavour moved Piedmont’s troops through the Papal States in order to head off Garibaldi. However France has been a positive factor too. Napoleon signed a secret treaty with Bismarck prime minister of Prussia in 1866 that in the Austrian-Prussian war France would remain neutral but at the end of the conflict France would receive Venetia if Austria was defeated. In addition Napoleon with great diplomatic skills made sure that Venitia would be ceded to France even if Austria won and then passed on to Italy.
In a secret meeting in Plombieres between Cavour and Napoleon III in summer 1858, it was agreed that a joint war against Austria would take place. In return for this war, Italy would gain from Austria the possession of Lombardy, Venetia, as well as the duchies of Parma and Modena. France would regain Savoy and Nice from Italy. If the war was to be successful for the French and Italians, Italy would take control of the regions that have been for so long controlled by Austria. Back in Italian possession would be a major step to Unification.
January 2011 How far do you agree that the revolutions of 1848–49 in Italy were caused primarily by economic grievances? To what extent was French involvement an obstacle to the unification of Italy in the years 1848–70? June 2011 To what extent had the provisions of the Vienna Settlement (1815) relating to Italy been overthrown by 1849? How significant was Victor Emmanuel in promoting Italian unification in the years 1850–70? January 2012 Why did Piedmont become, and remain, the driving force towards closer Italian unity in the years 1848–61?
Mussolini promised respite from their ‘feeble’ (AJP Taylor) government, as well as the return of law and order in Italy. Nonetheless, it was not greatly recognised at this time that Mussolini had incorporated his ‘violent Socialist’ (AJP Taylor) methods into the Fascist party/ideology e.g. the blackshirts. Fascism soon became an official party which held 35 seats, called the Partito Nationale Fascista. This induction into politics was an official symbol of Fascisms popularity in Italy.
America had taken note on how two great historical powers, Carthage and Rome, tore each other to pieces instead of joining forces. They used this theory to play France against Britain. France was angry after the Seven Years War, where they were made ultimate losers while the British were the winners. The French wanted to gain revenge over for British, so once the Americans defeated the British at Saratoga, the French joined the American alliance. France was now able to defeat the British and the Americans got their freedom with some French assistance.
While the sale of the territory by Spain back to France in 1800 went largely unnoticed, fear of an eventual French invasion spread nationwide when, in 1801, Napoleon sent a military force to secure New Orleans. Southerners feared that Napoleon would free all the slaves in Louisiana, which could trigger slave uprisings elsewhere. [8] Though Jefferson urged moderation, Federalists sought to use this against Jefferson and called for hostilities against France. Undercutting them, Jefferson took up the banner and threatened an alliance with Britain, although relations were uneasy in that direction. [8] In 1801 Jefferson supported France in its plan to take back Saint-Domingue, then under control of Toussaint Louverture after a slave rebellion.
There is no denying that the power that Austrian Empire held from 1820 and 1848 was influential and was one of the reasons the Italian revolutionaries failed. This is why some argue that the main reason of the failed attempt to unite Italy was the brute force of the Austrian military and navy. However, many argue that this was merely one factor of many. Some argue that the reason that Italy’s revolutionaries failed was due to the geographical fragmentation of Italy and the fact that this consequently leads to parochialism within these individual sectors. However, the argument that carries the greatest weight is that the individuals who led these revolts and were at the forefront of the revolutionary movements were not united themselves in how they wanted Italy to unite.
“"Fascism" was the ideology of the movement that, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, seized power in Italy in 1922 and held power until the Allied invasion of Italy in World War II” 18. “An attempt to provide fascism with a fully articulated theory was made by an Italian neo-Hegelian philosopher of some distinction, Giovanni Gentile, who was converted to fascism after Mussolini's coup.” 19. “But fascism equally opposed socialism, which preached class war and trade unionism and thus served only to divide the nation” 20. “Revolutionized society in such a way that the socialist critique was no longer relevant” 21. “Fascism's debts to the more extreme and fanatic elements of the nineteenth-century left wing” 22.
Second, Bismarck developed good relationships with numerous powers so that they would assist Prussia and help Bismarck to isolate its enemies. For example, Bismarck made an alliance, and the benefit was shown in 1870 when Italy refused to help France in the Franco-Prussian War. Thirdly, in the Schleswig-Holstein Affair, Bismarck pretended to be friendly with Austria and just get the two duchies. He succeeded in gaining support from the Germans in these 2 duchies. Lastly, Bismarck tricked Napoleon III at the meeting in Biarritz in 1865.
Italy felt that they wanted to regain the glory they possessed during ancient Rome and wished to create a 20th century Italian Empire in the Mediterranean. Although both Germany and Italy’s ideas of domination were similar they did not necessarily mean that they achieved their success in the same way. Although the textual definition of Italian and German fascism is essentially equivalent, the ways in which Mussolini and Hitler implemented their fascist policies were completely different. The primary differences between Hitler and Mussolini were: how they were elected into power and how they used their powers to achieve their goals, their abilities to justify their cause and win support of their citizens, and their abilities in preparing global domination. After the end of the First World War Mussolini had come to the conclusion that, a socialist government as a doctrine had been a complete failure and if Italy was to continue to needed a much more fitting form of government.