Importance Of Gravity

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Morey-Holton, E.R. The Impact of Gravity on Life. In: Evolution on Planet Earth: The impact of the Physical Environment, edited by L. Rothschild and A. Lister, New York: Academic Press, in press. The Impact of Gravity on Life Emily R. Morey-Holton NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Ca 94035-1000 Running Title: Gravity shapes life Corresponding address: Dr. Emily Holton M/S 239-11 NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 USA Telephone: 650/604-5471 FAX: 650/604-3954 E-mail: eholton@mail.arc.nasa.gov ABSTRACT Gravity is a well-know, but little understood, physical force. Its intensity and direction have been constant throughout evolutionary history on Earth, making it difficult to understand what role, if any, this vector force may have on life as we know it. Only since the launch of Sputnick in October of 1957 has life left the planet Earth and ventured into space so that we could begin to investigate what happens to life with minimal gravity. To date, we only have fascinating snapshots of life in space. Completion of the International Space Station should allow long-duration studies over multiple generations in multiple species. This paper explores four questions: What is gravity? What happens to life when gravity changes? Is gravity necessary for life as we know it? Did gravity play a role in evolution of life on Earth? Life from the cellular level through adult humans exposed to spaceflight is briefly examined and examples from spaceflight and ground-based experiments are discussed. The conclusion from these studies suggest that gravity is necessary for life as we know it, and that “gravity shapes life”. Keywords: spaceflight, cells, ecosystems, vertebrate development, adult humans, evolution GLOSSARY: Centrifugal force or centrifugal acceleration: The apparent force in a rotating system, deflecting masses radially outward

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