Erikson theory focuses on physical, emotional, and psychological stages of development. According to Erikson personality developed in eight developmental stages throughout life span and the need of each stage must be met or resolved before the move to the next stage. If individual needs are not met in a particular stage, it will affect the individual later in life. Erikson’s stages of development assessment findings of each age group and potential findings a nurse may discover includes: Infancy (birth to 18 months): Trust versus Mistrust. Children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of their caregiver(s).
By 8 months of age, object of permanence begin to emerge because infants begin to develop memory for objects that are not perceived (Myers, 2013). 1c. Piaget further explains that after object permanence emerged, children at 8 months start to develop stranger anxiety where they would often cry in front of strangers and reach for someone who is familiar to them (Myers, 2013). Both object permanence and stranger anxiety emerge around the same time because children are able to remember and build schemas. While Piaget’s cognitive theory consists of four stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational) that children go through as they grow, McCrink and Wynn proposed a different theory of cognitive development.
The strange situation procedure consisted of 8 different episodes that were devised to highlight/provoke certain behaviours. Some of the behaviours included the parent leaving the room, and stranger being presented and the parent returning. The data was then collected from several studies and the results combined to make a total of 106 middle-class infants that were observed. They found that 62% of the children showed secure attachment, 15% insecure-avoidant, 15% insecure-disorganized and 8% insecure-resistant. The biggest flaw of Ainsworth's strange situation is the fact that it may not measure the attachment type of the infant but rather the quality of the relationship between the infant and caregiver.
I will be explaining the principle psychological perspectives applied to the understanding of the development of individuals. One of the major theorists of cognitive development was Jean Piaget, who argued that cognitive development occurs in four different stages: 1. The sensori-motor stage (0-2 Years): during this stage children are very egocentric; they cannot see the world from the viewpoints of others. From birth to around 1 month old, infants use reflexes like rooting and sucking, relying on their five senses to explore the world around them. A couple of months on from this stage, an infant would learn to coordinate sensation with two types of schema: habit and circular reactions, causing a primary circular reaction.
the child may have limited speech at age 2. As practitioners we should maintain a consistent daily routine of welcoming the children and returning them to their parents. We should give them time to settle and adjust to the changes. Many parents also encounter problems when their child's diet transitions from that of a baby to a toddler and then to a diet
Most children do recover from this. They showed that there are many factors that will affect children when separated by the Childs temperament or the quality of care they receive. They said that they can minimise effects if the child is familiarised with their new home, know their daily routine and by talking about their mother. Bowlby proposed that long-term maternal deprivation is harmful and that the first 2.5 years in a Childs life is crucial as if separation occurs within that period than maternal deprivation may be permanent. Bowlby had conducted a test, to test his theory.
Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory consists of eight stages and describes the impact of early experiences and experiences over the lifespan from childhood to adulthood (Cherry, 2013). Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis of two
Transitions Transitions Are Significant Stages Or Changes And Experiences That Can Affect The Behaviour And/Or Development Of A Child Or Young Person. Most children and young people will experience the following example transitions: Toilet training Starting School Separation from parents Puberty Changing to secondary education Learning to travel around independently. Some children and young people will experience some of the following example transitions: Bereavement Moving house Parental separation Illness or injury Going to University Below are some examples of how transitions could affect the behaviour/development of a child. Bereavement If a child or young person loses someone, this can be very traumatic for them
This then turns into general orientation, and the attachments bring their attention to each other. Research from Schaffer and Emerson show that attachment behaviours developed in stages which were loosely linked to age. Most babies started to show separation anxiety from their attachment figure at around 25 – 32weeks (6 – 8 months) indicating an attachment had been
In this model the causes of the child’s disturbed behaviour are sought in their daily surroundings- poor or abusive parenting, neglect or lack of discipline in school. Intervention focuses on factors outside of the child, such as training for the parents, and in severe cases taking the child into care [Woodhead, M et al