He noticed that the dog began to salivate when someone entered the room with a bowl of food, but before the dog had eaten the food. Since salivation is a reflex response, this seemed unusual. Pavlov decided that the dog was salivating because it had learned to associate the person with food. He then developed a theory. Food automatically led to the salivation response, since this response had not been learned, he called this an unconditioned response, which is a response that regularly occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is presented.
The scenario will be explained and a chart will be complied that will demonstrate how classical conditioning applies to this scenario. Classical Conditioning Theory Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is the founder of the classical conditioning theory. Pavlov, a Russian psychologist was studying the secretion of stomach acids and salivation of dogs when they were presented with different kinds and different amounts of food (Feldman, 2010). While doing so, Pavlov noticed that the amount of salivation would often increase when the dogs had not eaten any food. The mere presence of the person who supplied the food or the footsteps of that person would stimulate the dogs and more stomach acid would be produced (Feldman, 2010).
The behaviourist perspective believes that our behaviour is the result of operant or classical conditioning; both of these explain behaviour as being a direct result of learning. Classical conditioning was developed by Ivan Pavlov. He conducted an experiment that involved dogs. Because dogs salivate, this is an involuntary reflexive response to the sight of smell of food. Pavlov set up an experiment where he introduced a bell at meal times; this was the neutral stimulus (NS).
Classical conditioning is made using two stimuli. in the experiment Pavlov used sound of a bell a as a neutral stimuli and dog food as unconditioned stimuli which causes the dog to salivate. Pavlov presented the dogs with a ringing bell followed by food. The food elicited salivation, and after repeated bell-food pairings the bell also caused the dogs to salivate. In this experiment, the unconditioned stimulus is the dog food as it produces an unconditioned response, saliva.
The experiment showed that once the dogs became accustomed to hearing a particular noise at mealtime, they began to salivate automatically whenever they heard it. The dogs would salivate when they heard the noise whether they were given food or not. This experiment showed that behaviors are reactions to stimuli. This theory also relies on the belief that positive and negative reinforcement can be used to train people and animals to behave a certain way. Behaviorists seek to discover how environmental stimuli control behavior.
Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Classical conditioning Pavlov investigated learning through the association of an unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov rang a bell (the conditioned or neutral stimulus) at the same time that food was presented to the dog. The dog then started to salivate as an involuntary reflex response. He did this until the dog salivated just to the sound of the bell. After allot of trails, Pavlov discovered that he had no longer needed to present the food to the dog.
Generally dogs in response to a bowl of food salivated however they wanted to see if they could pair this with a bell ringing. So every time they dogs received their food the bell rang and in the end when the bell rang the dogs salivated because they already associated the bell ring with their food. Operant conditioning however is the course of altering behaviour by receiving rewards and punishments. In this experiment they made a cat learn that every time it gets out of the box that it was placed in got a reward. This means it learnt doing the same escape routine because it knew the consequences were rewarding.
P1: Explain the principal psychological perspectives: Introduction: For this assignment I have to describe how the theories of classical conditioning can be applied in health and social care settings that deal with challenging or modifying behaviour. Classical conditioning: This is a theory which was originally developed by Ivan Pavlov in his experiments on a dog salivating when being shown food, it was discovered when the dog had learned the arrival of the assistant meant food was coming and so the dog salivated early (before even smelling the food.) from this experiment we can understand why classical conditioning is to do with reminder, some psychologists (evolutionary) say that some of the prehistoric phobias were survival related for example associating heights or oceans of water with death therefore creating the phobia of heights and water which make you avoid them in order to avoid death. In my opinion this makes sense, in the same way that animals and prehistoric hums would have avoided brightly coloured berries as they were poisonous. www.tatic.ddmcdn.com/gif/dog-training Applying classical conditioning to the health and social care sector: Like any behaviourist theory of learning, classical conditioning helps explain certain behaviourisms and why we do specific things that we do.
How To Give A Dog A Bath Dogs tend to get very dirty, and along with that, comes a very strong-smelling odor. This makes learning how to give a dog a bath an important part of caring for one’s pet. One may have the idea, or past experience, that their dog will run through the house half-soaped up and shaking water all over their new furniture; creating chaos, stress, and possibly damaged furniture. However, a dog’s bath time does not have to be an event to be afraid of if one plans ahead and gives him a bath he will enjoy. The first thing one will need to do is gather all of the bath supplies he will need to wash his dog, before he starts anything else.
Pavlov landed upon this theory by mistake whilst carrying out a different unrelated experiment with dogs. Nevertheless, he used this as an added advantage and modified his experiment with the dogs to prove his newly founded theory. Initially the dogs would salivate (unconditional response) when presented with food (neutral stimulus) and no response were obtained from the animals when presented with food (unconditional stimulus) were sounded on its own. For a period of time thereafter, the bell was sounded at the same time when the food was presented to the dogs. Eventually, the sound of the bell (now a conditioned response) was sufficient to make the dogs salivate (now conditioned response) in the absent of food.