The buildings of the central government were typically open-air temples constructed of wood or sandstone. The earliest hieroglyphs appear just before this period, though little is known of the spoken language they represent. In about 3600 BC, Egyptian society along the Nile River began to grow and advance rapidly toward civilization. [2] A new and distinctive pottery, which was related to the pottery of the Southern Levant, appeared during this time. Extensive use of copper became common during this time.
The Unique Culture of Egypt While the Sumerian civilization was developing, a similar process took place along the banks of the Nile River. Yet, the two civilization’s culture was very different. Egypt was united into a single kingdom, which allowed it to enjoy a high degree of unity, stability, and culture continuality over a period of 3,000 years. The geography, writing, architectural structures, society, and their process of mummification made the Egyptian culture unique compared to the other civilizations of the time. The Ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt as being divided into two types of land, the “black land” and the “red land.
The 520 foot long iconic frieze portrays the great Panthenaic Festival procession and shows the Athenians practice of walking and riding to the temple to present the statue of Athena with new robes (Jenkins 20). In fact, this shows the low relief movement, motion and rhythm of Greek arts. The frieze focus mostly on battle scenarios, the centaurs and Lapith are on the southern side, gods and giant on the eastern side while the Greeks and the Amazons are on the west, as for the north side. The metropes images illustrate the struggle between the trials of justice and order as well as unlawful chaos in human impulses. The surviving statues that have remained on the eastern pediments portray the birth of the goddess and those on the western pediments feature Athena’s and Poseidon battle.
Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the Kings of Napata. While Napatan rule was brief and ceased in 661 BC, the Egyptian influence made an indelible impression, and during the later Sudanese Kingdom of Meroe (approximately in the period between 300 BC–300 AD) this flowered into a full-blown pyramid-building revival, which saw more than two hundred indigenous, but Egyptian-inspired royal pyramid-tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom's capital cities. Al-Aziz Uthman, son of the great Saladin who crushed the Crusaders, tried to demolish
The detailed studyof the House of the Vestalsat Pompeii revealshow water features were central to the house's structural changes from the late first century B.C. The owners of the house invested heavilyin fountains and pools as key elements in the display of their wealth to visitors and alike. This article relates the structuraldevelpassers-by opment of the House of the Vestalsto the social history of decorativewater usage, from an initial investment exploiting the pressurizedwaterprovided by the new aqueduct early in the Augustan period to the responses to crises following the earthquake of A.D. 62. *
“Discuss the classical column, its origins, and its continued application over 2500 years. Speculate on this longevity.” - Professor Peter Corrigan It has evident that the use of columns for building temples or fanes had had become quite common application in ancient times. In creating a perfect order that satisfied the beauty of the temple, they started to look upon the human body that was thought to be the finest creation of God. The Roman architect Vitruvius on whom we depend for almost all we know of ancient architectural theory mentioned, the fluted or striated cylindrical column shafts tapering slightly toward the top are derived from tree trunks; but he also says that two principal column types are related to humans, which explains their proportions and ornaments. It is the intention of this essay to discuss whether or how the classical columns influenced and invested in the architecture of Australia and use of its ornamentation invented in ancient Western world.
The pyramids of Egypt are the best known example of Egyptian architecture. According to the ancient Egyptian belief, pyramids were built to protect the bodies of Egypt kings and royalty for their life after death. Pyramids can be defined as large structures with four triangular sides that meet in a point at the top, directly over the centre of the pyramid’s square base. There are approximately 110 pyramids currently known in Egypt, most of them in bad condition and almost destroyed and others that have remained unfinished. The first pyramid built that was similar to a true pyramid, was built during the 3rd Dynasty – 2630 B.C.
Ancient Egypt - Land of the River "All of Egypt is the gift of the Nile." It was the Greek historian Herodotus who made that observation. The remarkable benefits of the Nile are clear to everyone, but through history he was the first to talk about it and consider its fascination. Through history, the Nile played a major role in the building of civilizations. The first civilizations to appear in history started on a river valley or in a place where resources are numerous and example of these are in India where Indus river is found and Tigris where Euphrates is found and many other places (cradles of civilization).
"The Egyptians began using the pyramid form shortly after 2700 B.C., and the great heyday of constructing them for royalty extended for about a thousand years, until about 1700 B.C." The first pyramid was built by King Djoser during Egypt's Third Dynasty. His architect, Imohtep, created a step pyramid by stacking six mastabas, rectangular buildings of the sort in which earlier kings had been buried. The largest and most well-known pyramids in Egypt are the Pyramids at Giza, including the Great Pyramid of Giza designed for Pharaoh Khufu. The pyramids were usually placed on the western side of the Nile because the pharaoh's soul was meant to join with the sun disc during its descent before continuing with the sun in its eternal round.
Then, starting with the years of 3.000 BC, Mesopotamia and Egypt, with the effect of inventing and using the alphabet, made big progress in trade activities and succeeded to go ahead of Anatolia. During those times, the people living in the west and south regions of Anatolia were named as Luvi. They were a matriarchal society and worshiping mother goddess. It is known that some Luvis have moved to Crete and created the Minoan civilization. Among the years 2.000 BC, the tribes named as Achaeans, living around Balkans, invaded Greece.