Ethanol boils at 78.4 ˚C, water at 100 ˚C and the azeotrope at 78.1˚C. This system is typical for separating two component feed into relatively pure overhead product containing the lower boiling component and bottoms product containing primarily the higher boiling component of the feed. The lower boiling component is the ethanol/water azeotrope and the higher boiling component is water in the ethanol/water system. The part of the packed tower below the feed point is the stripper. The stripper is the hottest section of the tower and the ethanol rich stream is vaporized and goes up the column.
Fractional Distillation and its comparison to a control simple distillation was the main focus of this lab. The theory behind fractional distillation is fundamentally the separation of compounds. In this experiment we used cyclohexane and toluene as our compounds. Fractional distillation is used when the boiling points of two compounds are within close range to each other. Toluene and cyclohexane have a boiling point difference of 30 degrees Celsius.
Procedures: First, we were each assigned a group number. We were assigned group number 12 from which .080 grams of Urea and .020g Cinnamic acid was weighed. (Figure 1 and 2 illustrates the skeletal structures of these two solid organic compounds). The two solids were then placed in a vial and mixed together with a spatula, until the mixture looked like a homogeneous mixture. Then a small amount of the mixture was added to each of three melting point capillary tubes.
LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF BENZOIC ACID J Wright Organic Chem Lab 1 Tuesday 1:40-5 Ian Stubbs LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF BENZOIC ACID PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment was to extract benzoic acid from an aqueous of benzoic acid using methylene chloride, use liquid-liquid extraction to calculate the distribution coefficient of benzoic acid and to determine whether a single extraction or multiple extractions are more efficient. Add in the table of physical constants. See the attachment for the lab format. PROCEDURE: Gather a two stock solution that includes; 0.02M of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution and 0.02M of benzoic acid aqueous solution. For a single extraction, use a 50mL graduated cylinder and measure out 50mL of the benzoic acid solution into a 125mL separatory funnel.
CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION Introduction In this experiment, we conducted a distillation experiment of crude oil. We were able to see how the chemical properties of the components of crude oil influence the temperature it distills out of the crude oil. Distillation is used to remove impurities like distilled water or to separate liquids. It separates substances based on their boiling point. In this case, a sample of crude oil is heated.
Those that will dissolve the solute when the solution is hot but not cold. Those that will either dissolve the impurities exceptionally or not dissolve the impurities at all. Solvents cannot react with the solute. The best solvents are inexpensive, volatile, nontoxic, and immflammable.2
Isolation of Caffeine from Tea CHEM243A 2-23-11 Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to isolate caffeine from a tea bag. Once isolated, the caffeine was purified using sublimation. The percent recovery was calculated to be 83.3%. The melting point of the original substance was 51ºC-139ºC. Since it was inaccurate, the melting point of another group’s sample was recorded.
When the solution is acidified during diazotization to form nitrous acid, the sulfanilic acid is precipitated out of solution as a finely divided solid, which is immediately diazotized. The finely divided diazonium salt is allowed to react immediately with dimethlaniline in the solution in which it was precipitated. Mechanism Diazotization: [pic] Diazo Coupling: Methyl orange is often used as an acid-base indicator. In solutions that are more basic than pH 4.4, methyl orange exists almost entirely as the yellow negative ion. In solutions that are more acidic than pH 3.2, it is protonated to form a red dipolar ion.
2.1.1 Gas Scrubber The basic function of a scrubber is to remove liquid droplets from gas streams, in order to protect the device from corrosion and destruction. It is one of the commonly used gas-processing instruments which consist of mechanical device like compressors or dry desiccants. It is also used as a downstream device if liquids in gas are condensed. The gas scrubber is capable of removing minute loads of liquid and is incapable to take place of an original separator. Extra vessels can be added to it, ranging from 12 inches to 72 inches with capacities to process more than 200 MMscfd of natural gas.
This lab exercise focuses attention on the former reaction. Lipid oxidation, which is also called auto-oxidation, occurs in lipid material by way of a free-radical mechanism. After an induction period, hydrogen peroxides, or primary products, are formed. Ultimately these peroxides break down, and secondary products, e.g., aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, and hydrocarbons, are formed. The peroxide value (PV) test, which is one of the most common tests used to evaluate the extent of lipid oxidation, is based on measuring peroxides.