A rock is made up of minerals. The tectonic plates cause rock to be pushed and pulled. They are constantly being recycled. The rock cycle is an ongoing process. Igneous rocks can form in two environments that are very different.
It increased by 7 ft a day.” Earthquakes You can predict when a volcano will erupt because you get earthquakes. This is because most volcanoes follow a regular pattern of increasing seismic activity as the eruption is about to take place, usually in the form of small earthquakes. Scientist use special equipment seismometers that tell and record earthquakes that happen underneath the volcano. Long period earthquakes- are beneath volcanoes and are believed that it is caused by magma moving through cracks that then shake the ground. Short period earthquakes- earthquakes under the volcanoes that is believed to be caused by rock breaking events Both types of
Downstream refers to oil and gas operations after the production phase and through to the point of sale, whether at the gas pump or the home heating oil truck. Upstream is the grass roots of the oil business, it refers to the exploration and production of oil and gas. Many analysts look at upstream expenditures from previous quarters to estimate future industry trends. For example, a decline in upstream expenditures usually trickles down to other areas such as transportation and marketing. Economic conditions: Supply and Demand On the supply side markets has been driven by geopolitical volatility in recent months.
Examples of regional metamorphic rocks include schist and gneiss. Thermal metamorphic rocks, also known as contact metamorphic rocks, are formed by extreme heat along with quite a bit of pressure. The pressure pushes the molten rock against the Earth's surface, causing it to recrystallize. Examples of thermal metamorphic rocks are marble and sandstone
Mud volcanoes, sometimes called ‘sedimentary’ or ‘gas-oil’ volcanoes, are an interesting natural phenomena that occur around the world generally along points of weakness in the Earth’s crust such as fault lines. They act as pressure valves to release gases, mineral water and sometimes traces of oil along with mud also known as breccia from as deep as 10-12 km below the earth’s surface. The size of mud volcanoes very dramatically from 1 to 2 metres to up to 700 metres high; and from centimetres to kilometers wide. Correlations have been found between earthquakes and mud volcano activity particularly if there is a major earthquake. This would explain why the island (thought to be due to a mud volcano) appeared off the coast of Pakistan this fall at about the same time as the large earthquake.
The actual speed of P and S seismic waves depends on the density and elastic properties of the rocks and soil through which they pass. In most earthquakes, the P waves are felt first. The effect is similar to a sonic boom that bumps and rattles windows. Some seconds later, the S waves arrive with their up-and-down and side-to-side motion, shaking the ground surface vertically and horizontally. This is the wave motion that is so damaging to structures.
The steam brings hydrogen sulphide gas to the surface and pollutes the air unless controls are instituted. 2. Water contains many salts and minerals capable of causing water pollution. 3. The earth in a geothermal field may subside as the water is pumped out.
oil spills Crude oil is a major energy provider for the world today; but when accidents happen, crude oil becomes a major pollutant for our world. An oil spill is an accident that occurs when a transport vehicles, oil rigs, pipe lines, or tankers have malfunctions and release oil into the surrounding environment affects the surrounding area. There are two types of oil spills: those occurring on land, and those in water. Land spills can usually be contained and cleaned up easily, while oil spreads and becomes more dangerous in ocean spills. Oil spills have a number of effects on the environment and economy.
Moreover, if we stabilized concentrations and the composition of today's atmosphere remained steady (which would require a dramatic reduction in current greenhouse gas emissions), surface air temperatures would continue to warm. This is because the oceans, which store heat, take many decades to fully respond to higher greenhouse gas concentrations. The rapid increase in carbon dioxide emissions observed during the last 250 years is expected to continue for several decades to come. Various scenarios have been examined, depending on factors like fuel use and efficiency. Even the best case scenario predicts further increases in carbon dioxide emissions until about 2040.
Calcite is the main mineral in limestone rock. The acid dissolves the limestone and makes designs in the rock. Flowing acidy water can carve a cavern underground. The underground water moves the dissolved calcite and deposits in a different place. When the water leaks into the ground it may hang on the ceiling of the cave as a droplet.