Ethernet-Layer 1 & 2

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Layer 1 Write a description of the operation of Layer 1 of the OSI model in an Ethernet LAN. A discussion of CSMA/CD is required. The Physical Layer (Layer 1) of the OSI identifies the electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional conditions for activating, maintaining and deactivating the physical link between end systems. In other words, the Layer 1 moves the bit stream from one point to another across a carrier. Signal The signal is the information being sent across the medium in an electronic or optical (light) way. There are two types of electronic signals: analog and digital. To send and receive these signals across a medium, we need network hardware. Hardware A transmitter is the device sending the signal, a receiver is the device receiving the signal, and a repeater is a network device used to copy or enhance a signal on the path between the transmitter and receiver. Repeaters are used in transmission systems to regenerate analog or digital signals distorted by transmission loss. Analog repeaters amplify the signal, whereas digital repeaters reconstruct the signal to its near-original quality. Repeaters are used to tie two LANs of the same type together, such as two Ethernet LANs. Media The network medium provides the physical connection between the sender and the receiver via wireless communications or cabling. In a LAN environment, the Physical layer components are the network interface card, the cable connecting the computer to the network and the signal being sent by the NIC across the cable. The most widely used LAN access method, defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), is the 802.3 Ethernet standard, one of the LAN implementations categories: 1. Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 – it specifies a LAN operating at 10 Mbps over a coaxial and twisted-pair cable 2. 100 – Mbps Ethernet – known as Fast Ethernet; it

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