Later we might reward it only for sniffing the bar or touching it with its nose or paw. By reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior we gradually shape the bar pressing response without waiting passively for the response to occur on its own. In conclusion B. F. Skinner was a great contributor to the psychological approach to the Operant conditions and reactions of lab animals during study for others to
The scenario will be explained and a chart will be complied that will demonstrate how classical conditioning applies to this scenario. Classical Conditioning Theory Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is the founder of the classical conditioning theory. Pavlov, a Russian psychologist was studying the secretion of stomach acids and salivation of dogs when they were presented with different kinds and different amounts of food (Feldman, 2010). While doing so, Pavlov noticed that the amount of salivation would often increase when the dogs had not eaten any food. The mere presence of the person who supplied the food or the footsteps of that person would stimulate the dogs and more stomach acid would be produced (Feldman, 2010).
Skinner – Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior.
The theory is that people/animals are taught to be the way they are and react e.g. exceptionally emotional or overly aggressive. Classical conditioning. The classical conditioning theory was made known by Ivan Pavlov (see photo on right). He studied the behaviour of dogs using a machine installed in a special room as shown in the picture below.
The first of the theories involved in this approach is classical conditioning. This theory was developed by a Russian psychologist called Ivan Pavlov. He did an experiment with dogs to investigate their digestive systems. Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association. Two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.
This theory had the concept of: •How the surrounding environment affected one’s behaviour through their response •Behaviourism is on learning. The cooperation between stimulus and response is how learning takes place •There is no fundamental difference between behaviour of humans and animals and that each of them learn through the stimulus-response method. Classical conditioning however is a principle where a stimulus which naturally does not incite a reaction or response in a person, is joined by another stimulus which does incite a reaction. They made an experiment linked to this on dogs. Generally dogs in response to a bowl of food salivated however they wanted to see if they could pair this with a bell ringing.
This is based on the principle of association. Pavlov showed (through his research with dogs) that if two stimuli are presented at the same time (e.g. food and sound of a bell), and this happens repeatedly, then they become associated with each other. Through this process, we can learn new responses to environmental stimuli, as the behaviourist approach says all behaviour is learned. | Second Assumption | The BA says that we also learn through the consequences of our actions.
Behaviourists believe that people the only way that people will learn how to develop relationships and how to cope with stress and pressure has be to learnt from other people around you. They also believe that a person’s behaviour is learnt and will be repeated if the behaviour is reinforced. There are two theorists that are the most closely related to the behaviourist perspective are Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist and B.F. Skinner who was an American psychologist. Ivan Pavlov theory was classical conditioning, Pavlov used dogs attached to a harness and monitors that measured the rate at which they salivate, and he did this as he thought this would be the way to learn about digestion in dogs. He measured the amount they salivated when they were given food, yet, he realised that they didn’t have to be given food for them to being salivating as soon as they realised that they were going to be given food.
Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Classical conditioning Pavlov investigated learning through the association of an unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov rang a bell (the conditioned or neutral stimulus) at the same time that food was presented to the dog. The dog then started to salivate as an involuntary reflex response. He did this until the dog salivated just to the sound of the bell. After allot of trails, Pavlov discovered that he had no longer needed to present the food to the dog.
Classical conditioning is concerned with learning by association, and refers to the conditioning of reflexes. The principles of classical conditioning were first outlined by Pavlov, and were then adopted by behaviorists, such as Watson, who attempted to use them to explain how virtually all of human behavior is acquired. Ivan Pavlov was a physiologist who, while studying the salivation reflex, found that the dogs he was using for his experiments would sometimes start salivating before the food had reached their mouths, often at the sight of the food bucket. Clearly the dogs had learnt to associate new external stimuli, such as sights and sounds, with the original stimulus, food, that caused the salivation reflex. In a series of thorough and well controlled experiments, Pavlov found many new stimuli could be associated with reflexes, and went on to introduce terms for, and investigated many aspects of, the conditioning process.