The telegraph invented in the 1830’s allowed instantaneous to become possible with the use of Morris Code. This increased commerce communication and led to things such as uniform pricing of goods throughout the country. With all of these advancements in transportation and communication taking place, the westward movements of people beyond the Appalachian Mountains flourished. 4.5 Million people crossed the mountains, and this quickly led to the formation of six new states in: Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, and Minnesota. The people traveled in groups and with the new advancements in communication and technology they could quickly establish communities and generate commerce for growth.
Both economics and politics experienced radical changes during the Early Republic period in America. Remarkably subtle but undoubtedly significant was the development of a recognizable middle class during the Early Republic. This revolution can be attributed to what Wood refers to as a “consumer revolution of immense importance” and through the pervasive spread of commerce. A newfound appreciation for domestically internal trade and the recognition of the significance of this internal trade increased prosperity and gave more people enthusiasm for business. The quantity of those involved in buying and selling increased exponentially and in response, the development of modern day concepts such as businessmen and entrepreneurs arose.
In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, however, new elements were introduced that began to transform the economic foundation of Western Civilization: a revival of trade, considerable expansion in the circulation of money, the emergence of specialized craftspeople and artisans, and the growth and development of towns. The revival of commercial activity was a gradual process. During the chaotic conditions of the Early Middle Ages, large-scale trade had declined in Western Europe except for Byzantine contacts with Italy and Jewish traders who moved back and forth between the Muslim and Christian worlds. By the end of the tenth century, however, people with both the skills and the products for commercial activity were emerging in Europe. Venice sent wine, grain, and timber to Constantinople in exchange for silk cloth, which was then peddled to other communities.
Numerous wars were fought over trade, because of the great profit it brought to the land. The Crusades were not just holy wars, but they also aimed to take one of the largest trading centers and routes in the world. Trading and the City: Merchant and traders were not part of the medieval feudal society, yet they had great influence in it. As trade developed, towns along the trade routes became richer and richer. Some developed into great cities, such as Paris, France.
It made it more apparent that heavy industries, factories and coal mining were becoming more and more important. As stated above the railroads made the trade of goods, coal and steel easier which lead to the growth of steel production as well as the growth of large corporations in the oil, sugar and meat industries. With the arrival of new machine driven factories, the need for skilled workers was dramatically reduce, creating more opportunities for unskilled workers. These laborors were hired to clear lands, build and repair tracks and build the trains needed to supply the new demands. With the promise of learning a trade and becoming more wealthy a new class of people was appearing in the cities, the middle class.
How useful is consideration of cities and towns in gaining an understanding of the middle ages? Between 1066 and 1284 the economies of Britain were transformed. The population at least doubled. The commercial sector had expanded with money supply spiralling and a new infrastructure of towns, markets and fairs growing. England shared the same revival of urban life that took place throughout England, which led to clusters of population in the towns without any agricultural activities.
Most of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church were dogma that could not be challenged or refused by Christians of the middle ages. And as it were, those teachings which forced down the throats of the people. Between 1170 and 1498 AD the glimpse of religious light began to shoot over the age, foretokens of the coming of the reformation. Before these tokens the papacy office became more involved in politics, they claimed to be more superior to the kings. The major concern was money in the Roman Catholic Church.
By the time European nobility had begun to look upon such imports as Oriental rugs and perfumes as essentials, the growing middle class of merchants and craftsmen was demanding the new foodstuffs, such as cane sugar, rice, garlic, and lemons, and textiles, such as muslin, silk, and satin, from the East, which naturally became less expensive as the shipments increased in size. Natural, too was the growth of towns and cities in this period. Goods brought into Europe had to be distributed, and as trade increased, so did the towns and cities along the inland trade routes. The larger galleys and sailing vessels built to carry Crusaders were also used to bring luxuries of the Orient to the courts of England and Scandinavia. The Crusades affected finance and business practice in Europe.
Art Movements: Romanticism and Modernism June Tye-Patterson Art 101: Art Appreciation Dr. Elia Haggar 10-12-2013 Art Movements: Romanticism and Modernism Romanticism and modernism are two very different art movements, both movements originated in Western Europe, Romanticism as a reaction to the aristocratic, social, and political norms of the Enlightenment, and Modernism, out of a need to reject tradition and embrace political, social, and economic change of the industrial age. Romanticism refers to an artist trend specific to art produced between 1750 and 1850. Romanticism emerged from a desire for freedom, not only political freedom but also freedom of thought, of feeling, of action, of worship, of speech, of taste (Kleiner, 2014). Modernism refers to the style and ideology of art produced between the 1860s and the 1970s. As traditional art forms had become outdates due to industrialization.
Beginning with the Baroque era artists received private commissions from a more educated and prosperous middle class. Finally in the west the idea of "art for art's sake" began to find expression in the work of the Romantic painters like Francisco de Goya, John Constable, and J.M.W. Turner. During the 19th century the rise of the commercial art gallery provided patronage in the 20th century 20th-century Western painting begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, André