According to the CDC, 50% of African American women, 40% of Mexican women, and 30% of Caucasian women are obese and therefore at risk for development of type 2 diabetes. Improved screening and education strategies are necessary in reversing the trend of this devastating chronic disease. Morbidity and Mortality “In the United States, an estimated 7% of the population, (20.8 million people), have diabetes mellitus; 14.6 million people have been diagnosed and 6.2 million remain undiagnosed. In addition, approximately 41 million Americans have prediabetes, which may eventually lead to a clinical diagnosis of diabetes,” (DISEASEDEX, 2012). In 2009, diabetes was the cause of death in 150 women in Allegheny County alone, (PA Department of Health, 2009).
Going to an emergency room instead of scheduling a doctor's appointment has become a trend in this country. Translated into dollars and cents that means 40.5 million people paid up to three times as much for routine care as they would have paid at a physician's office. They probably wasted a lot of time too because emergency rooms are not set up to care for routine illness, and they do not work on a first-come, first-served basis as many people mistakenly believe. To ensure that the sickest patients get immediate care, emergency rooms use a triage (French for "sorting") system of evaluation so that critical cases, such as people suffering from heart attacks or injuries from serious accidents or violent crimes, are treated first. Everyone else may have to wait quite a while before being seen.
Title: Reducing the numbers of medication errors by the nurses in health care system. Administration of medication is a key element of nursing care. Medications are an amazing discovery. They promote healing, reduce suffering and contribute to modern medical miracles. However, because thousands of new drugs have been developed recently, because the health care environment is increasingly complex, and because the patients are older and often sicker, there is increasing risk for medication errors in hospitals.
Five Key Challenges that Face Nurses in their Role to Improve Diabetes Care and to Empower Patients to Develop Self-Management and Life Skills Introduction Worldwide it is estimated that there are approximately 346 million people with diabetes. The World Health Organisation (2012) defines diabetes as a ‘chronic disease, which occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.’ As a result this causes the glucose concentration in the blood to increase (hyperglycaemia). The focus of this assignment is the most prevalent Type 2 diabetes, which accounts for almost 90% of people with diabetes (NICE 2012), and complications associated with this condition. Also known as ‘non-insulin-dependent’ or ‘adult-onset diabetes’, type 2 diabetes is caused by the body’s inability to manage insulin effectively. It can often result from possessing excess body weight and the lack of any physical activity (WHO 2012).
Type two diabetes is the most common type of diabetes; it affects 85-90% of people who have a form of diabetes. Although it is known to be more common in adults, more and more children and babies are being diagnosed. The pancreas of those People who suffer type 2 diabetes makes limited insulin, but doesn’t produce enough to enable the body to function effectively. Diabetes is a result of generic and environmental factors. The risk of diabetes type two is greatly increased by lifestyle factors such as; overweight, lack of exercise, poor diet and high blood pressure.
HOW NURSES CAN STOP THE NURSING SHORTAGE An article by HSM Group Ltd. states (as cited in Spetz & Given, 2003, para. 1) “estimates of average nurse vacancy rates at hospitals range from 10.2 percent to 13 percent, with one in seven hospitals reporting more than 20 percent.” The Bureau of Health Professions predicts the nursing shortage to worsen within the next twenty years; by 2020 there will be a projected shortage of 800,000 nurses (as cited in Spetz & Given, 2003, para. 2). Because the nursing shortage has been linked to negative patient outcomes and high rates of nurse burnout, nurses have the responsibility as members within a discipline to partner with other professionals in the health care industry to alleviate the nursing shortage by reaching out to youth to promote a positive image of nursing, increase graduation rates of licensed nurses, and increase job satisfaction. The need for educated nurses is expanding due to a variety of factors including: increasingly risky and complicated work, an aging workforce, invariable financial benefits, increasing work alternatives, and inadequate new nurses entering the field (Stedmen & Nolan, 2007).
Cardiovascular diseases account for more than 150,000 deaths a year in the United Kingdom. Cardiovascular diseases affect more than five million people, and annual costs exceed £30bn. However, more than 80% of CVD can be avoided. The UK government strategy for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease therefore focuses on a dual approach. National Health Service (NHS) health checks to detect and treat people at high risk which will benefit the entire population over time, such as smoke-free public places and the progressive reduction in the salt content of processed food.
However, because of commodity inflation, increasing negligent costs, steep price rise of rental, and the annual salary range of a MD varies and is not rising as fast as other professional pay. The salary of a doctor depends on how hard he/she has to deal in that job. For example, Anesthesiology doctors’ salary is about $331,000 to $423,507 because they help to prevent patients from feeling pain and sensations; monitor patients through the first recovery stages after an operation; and administer appropriate medications during recovery… The salary range of a doctor is about at least $150,000 per year and maximum can reach anywhere up to $200,000-$500,000 per year. 3) Education Generally, almost all physicians complete at least 4 years of undergraduate school, 4 years of medical school, and 3 to 8 years of internship and residency, depending on their specialty. There are 146 medical schools in the United States-126 teach allopathic medicine and award a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)
As a consequence strategies for health promotion can be influenced by the financial demands to the NHS. The Department of health (DH) (2010) reported over eighty thousand deaths annually are attributed to smoking related diseases alone with a cost to the NHS of £2.7 billion, as a result healthcare professionals are tasked with motivating and assisting every smoker to quit were possible. Description I was working as a student nurse on a busy medical ward when this health promotion activity occurred; my learning outcomes for this placement were admission and discharge of patients and health promotion activities. My supernumerary status sometimes allowed more patient dedicated time, which attributed to this event.
Figure 2: Age-standardised prevalence of medium, high and very high psychological distress among people aged 18 years and over, by diabetes status and sex, 2007–08 Source: AIHW analysis of ABS 2007–08 National Health Survey Confidentialised Unit Record File. Table 3 For more information see Diabetes and poor mental health and wellbeing: an exploratory analysis. Diabetes expenditure accounted for 2% of total disease expenditure In 2004–05, almost $990 million was spent on diabetes. Of this, 38% was on hospital admitted patients, 29% on out-of-hospital medical services, 28% on prescription pharmaceuticals and 6% on research. This does not account for out of pocket expenses or NDSS subsidies.