This supports the importation model, as it shows that the aggressive individuals imported these characteristic into the institution due to their background there more likely to be aggressive. The importation model successfully explains aggression within a prison institution. Younger inmates are more likely to be aggressive as youth are more aggressive even outside the prison surroundings; therefore younger inmates are more likely to be aggressive within the prison. However, there is also violence between inmates and guards, yet the importation fails to explain this. As it is unlikely that the guards are aggressive outside the institution, the model fails to explain this aggression.
For example an aggressive person in a prison will deal with situations in there with aggressive social mechanisms. Irwin and cressey (62) cited the example of prisons stating that an inmate will bring his own aggressive traits in as a coping mechanism. Harer and Steffenmeister support the importation model with research, observing a correlation between race habit on the outside compared with the inside of prison institutions, relating violence to blacks and drug behaviour to whites. This however can be criticised for being reductionist, as not all blacks are aggressive and not all whites are drug users, just as both races can partake in both behaviours. The findings appear to determine no new findings, they are simply correlational.
These inmate subcultures contain distinctive languages and sets of informal norms, attitudes, beliefs, values, statuses, and roles that give prisoners a different perspective from people on the outside, or those of us in “the free world” (law.jrank.org, 2009). It is within these subcultures, that those who kill are respectable people and those who run drugs and partake in gang violence, are of important roles and statuses within the prison society. They have their own set of values known as an inmate code that those who belong to the subculture live by. This code alone depicts prison as a “chaotic, violent, and predatory jungle,” (Krestev, n.d.). Since many of the values held by the inmates of these subcultures, are much different than those held by society, many inmates find themselves attempting to adjust to new norms, rules, and expected patterns of behavior, which in many experiences, includes violent behavior.
This is “the practice by law enforcement of considering race as an indicator of the likelihood of criminal behavior” (Robinson 530). The issue of using race to identify people is disputable because minorities feel that it is an act of inequality and also humiliating. However, the Supreme Court supports its legality as long as ethnicity is seen as an important factor that determines the detainment of an individual. Therefore, there are many pros and cons about the legality of this law enforcement technique. During times of war, racial
This idea that not all inmates share a distinct set of values but rather individual subcultures are created around more individualistic beliefs suggests an idiographic approach to explaining institutional aggression. This could be perhaps more
Outline and evaluate two explanations of Institutional aggression Institutional aggression refers to aggressive behaviour that occurs within an institute like schools and prisons, and within larger institutes like armed forces and police forces. Institutional aggression is motivated by social norms rather than anger or frustration. For example, Physical abuse from individuals during rituals and abusive acts to destroy national, racial and religious groups. Irwin and Cressey proposed the “ Importation Model” where they argued that people who enter a prison, do not enter with a blank slate, and they carry their characteristics/traits ( e.g. Values and attitudes) with them, which influence their adaptation to the prison environment.
When misconduct or mistakes are made it can have very damaging effects on individuals and their lives, but also to the credibility of the criminal justice system. This can happen and does on occasion (Meyer & Grant, 2003). How can we improve consistency in how prosecutors accept case work? When assessing possible improvements to the consistency of how prosecutors accept case work, there are no simple answers. Putting strict demands on what a prosecutor
However, a negative effect on society is that you honestly cannot determine whether the probationer will abide by the rules that the courts set in place. The other negative effect they could have on society is the probationers may go out and commit more crimes. My hypothesis about the overall effectiveness of community corrections is that it is lacking in its attempts to keep probationers off drugs and alcohol. I also think that urinalysis tests are not fool proof, and can easily be manipulated and passed by the help of the detox drinks that there is
Some of the variables that correlate with juvenile crime rates can include but not limited to peer pressure, poverty, bullying, trauma and depression. Although there are many different variables that correlate with juvenile crime rates, studies have shown that there is not one single cause for juvenile delinquency. Setting up programs that are geared toward reducing juvenile crime is a very effective way to reduce violence and delinquency in juveniles. For example, programs that focus on learning emotional skills can help juveniles control their emotions and behavior. This would help resolve the increased conflicts without resorting to violence or crime.
Since insanity is defined so arbitrarily, lawyers can protect their clients from their punishments with relative ease by dragging out the legal process for years at a time by using the insanity defense. To be protected with the insanity defense in many states, a criminal must take the M'Naghten test: failure to determine right from wrong deems the criminal insane (Cornell University Law School). Although some argue that people with mental illnesses cannot be held accountable for their actions, the greater concern should be for the overall safety for The United States of America because criminals who plead insanity can be a danger when released, legal definitions of insanity vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, Supreme Court has upheld four states' abolishing of insanity defense, and there is incomplete research on insanity. Shafer !2 Insane criminals who are found not guilty by reason of insanity are sent to mental hospitals to rehabilitate and treat their illness. The problem is that the criminals who are sent to a hospital and become "cured" could be a danger to society.