Some of the more common complications associated with the disease are bowel obstruction, ulcers, and fistulas. Bowel obstruction is the most common and results from the thickening of the intestinal wall with swelling and scar tissue, narrowing the passage. The narrowing of the intestines blocks flow of digested material through the affected area. In severe conditions surgery is needed to remove the dead and damaged tissue of the bowel. Chronic inflammation that accompanies this disease can lead to the formation of ulcers.
PLEURISY Pleurisy, also known as Pleuritis, is defined as inflammation of the Pleura. Pleura is the body cavity that surrounds the lungs. The inflamed Pleural layers rub against each other when a person breathes, causing very sharp pains in the chest. The most common cause for Pleurisy is infection, but other things may cause it as well. Symptoms of Pleurisy last anywhere from a few days to 2 weeks.
Tumors, scar tissue (adhesions), or twisting or narrowing of the intestines can cause a bowel obstruction. In the small intestine, scar tissue is most often the cause. Other causes include hernias and Crohn's disease, which can twist or narrow the intestine, and tumors, which can block the intestine. In the large intestine, cancer is most often the cause. Other causes are severe constipation from a hard mass of stool, and narrowing of the intestine caused by diverticulitis or inflammatory bowel disease.
A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is a diseased state in the heart that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart has been occluded or interrupted. This results in a state of ischemia in which oxygen shortage to the heart causes damage and potential death of the heart tissue itself (Black & Hawks, 2009). This is considered a medical emergency, and is leading cause of death in both men and women all over the world. Past history can play a major role and important risk factors can include a previous history of vascular diseases such as atherosclerotic coronary heart disease and/or angina, a previously suffered heart attack or stroke, any cases of abnormal heart rhythms and snycopal episodes (Hudson, M., Christenson, R., Newby, L., Kaplan, A., & Ohman, E. 1999). In men over forty and women over fifty, smoking, the abuse of illicit drugs, excessive alcohol consumption, high triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, high LDL and low HDL levels, obesity, and chronically high levels of stress can majorly increase the chances of a myocardial infarction (Black & Hawks, 2009).
While most cases of onychatrophia are attributed to the nail matrix being damaged, onychatrophia can also be caused by injury and internal diseases. Psoriasis is one of the diseases that lead to onychatrophia. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease where red patches appear on the skin as a result of a faulty immune system. Psoriasis is actually a major cause of various nail infections. Besides psoriasis, onychatrophia is also caused by lichen planus.
Atherosclerosis is a multi focal, smoldering immunoinflammatory disease of medium sized and large arteries filled by lipids. (Curtis M. Rimmerman, 2008) When plaque builds up the condition is called Atherosclerosis, the build up of plaque over many years.If the flow of oxygen rich blood to your heart muscle is reduced or blocked, Angina or a heart attack can occur. Angina is chest pain or discomfort. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. Pain can also occur in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw or back.
The predisposing factors for endocarditis include, aging for older people who have aortic stenosis; intravenous drug abuse, presence of prosthetic heart valve, use of intravascular devices which may result in nosocomial like, methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); and renal dialysis (Lewis et al, 2011, 841-842). Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue and anorexia due to bacterial infection. Joint pain, muscle, pain, back pain, abdominal discomfort, headache, weight loss and clubbing of fingers resulting from heart failure. Black longitudinal streaks in nails bed Petechiae which result from fragments and microorganism embolization of vegetative lesion as evidenced by conjunctiva, lips, buccal mucosa and palate , and ankles, feet and anticubital and popliteal areas. Painful, tender, red or purple, pea-sized lesions may show on fingertips or toes.
(1) Definition: Lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection. (2) Pathophysiology: Pneumonia is an excess of fluid in the lungs resulting from an inflammatory process. It is an acute infection of the alveoli. This is a global problem, and the WHO (World Health Organization) suggests that it is the most common cause of death in children and that 1.4 million die each year as a result of pneumonia. Pneumonia may also occur as a complication in hospital settings, secondary to surgery.
It can be caused by bacteria and other organisms that are usually different from CAP. HAP is usually more serious than CAP because the bacteria and organisms can be harder to treat, and because people who get HAP are already sick. Aspiration pneumonia occurs when liquids or other irritants are inhaled into the lungs. The most common type of aspiration pneumonia is caused by inhaling stomach contents after vomiting. People with medical problems (e.g., stroke, ALS) that affect swallowing are at an increased risk of this type of pneumonia.
Acanthosis nigricans causes darkening, especially on the skin folds. Skin thickening around the neck region characterizes the scleroderma diabeticorum. Diabetes also causes diabetic retinopathy. Since diabetes result into destruction of retina blood vessels of the eye, it can lead to damage of the eyes. The symptoms of the retinopathy condition include pain in the eyes, floating spots, double vision, flashing lights and rings (Patlak, 2002, p. 24).