For Woodrow Wilson, only a democratic republic could be a genuine nation-state. Wilson also argued that the nation-state is capable of upholding peace and international order because nation-states would naturally respect the sovereignty of their neighbours. Furthermore, conflict would cause disorder within, so there is an inward motivation as well. This belief in the natural peacefulness of nation-states leads liberal nationalists to the belief that internationalism and nationalism are compatible concepts. Internationalism is the theory or practice of politics based on global cooperation.
Despite starting on opposite sides of the political spectrum, the proposed statement that President Herbert Hoover was a conservative and President Franklin D Roosevelt was a liberal is largely accurate; evident in their policies toward dealing with the Great Depression. Herbert Hoover won the presidential election in 1928, right before the beginning of the Great Depression. Contrary to the conservative policies Hoover enforced during his presidency; Hoover’s campaign was largely focused on his more liberal ideologies, such as avoiding a laissez faire economic system and regulating business (Doc A). Hoover’s initial liberal agenda appealed to the public and helped him win in 1928. However, when the stock market crashed in 1929, President Hoover was faced with the challenges of helping the United States recover from a severe economic depression.
Liberalism was drawn from the age of enlightenment in which many religious restrictions were broken in order for meritocracy to strive which allowed individuals to strive on their own basis. The main party that stands for liberalism within Britain is the Liberal Democrat party which is lead by Nick Clegg however parties such as Labour and the Conservatives have strong relations with Liberalism which is evident through their leadership style and manifesto proposals. One of the most leading styles of modern liberalism that is displayed in British politics at current times is the development of the welfare state which provides people with education and healthcare but also provides benefits for those who are unable to work for various reasons. The welfare state was originally introduced in 1911 as a result of a range of reforms due to investigation in to the living conditions of ordinary British citizens. The national insurance act was enacted by David Lloyd George and the liberal party and it meant that contributions were made to assist those who were unemployed or unable to work.
However, the New Right incorporates neo-liberalism, which is a moderation of liberalism that supports free market economics and the minimal role of the state. But it also incorporates neo-conservatism which contrasts from neo-liberalism as it has a strong stance on law and order and the authoritarian state, focusing on nationalism. Firstly the New Right can be said to internally coherent in a political sense and in terms of the compatibility of its goals. All members of the New Right are capable of accepting a strong but minimal state as neo-conservatives believe in an authoritarian strong state in which they prevent excessive freedom due to their view on human nature, but not excessive state so there is not a dependency culture created. The neo liberals also believe that there should be minimal state but in an economic sense, and this is in order to allow capitalism to flourish without excessive restraints and laws imposed on business, and this is to encourage competition in the market to improve efficiency and profit.
The main focus of liberalism is liberty and freedom, there are two types of liberalism classical and new liberalism, this therefore determines the type of liberty they want to achieve. Firstly liberals have a fear that some potential consequences of government such as no legitimate authority, the tendency for power to become concentrated in too few hands and the democratic systems may simply become the tyranny of the majority. Through this fear they offer a solution through the liberal constitution, it defines the right of citizens which could be a safeguard against encroachments by governments, distributes power among different institutions of government to prevent the concentration of power. These are only a few of many. By combining the doctrines of government by consent and constitutionalism, modern liberals have found a way of reconciling effective government with the right and freedoms of both the individual and intermediate groups.
"Anarchism is closer to liberalism than it is socialism" Discuss. [45] To establish whether anarchism is more similar to either liberalism or socialism we must understand the extent to which these ideologies share core beliefs and values. Anarchism has been defined by a strong belief in anti-statism, derived from a negative principle of authority, as well as a belief in both personal and economic freedom. There is undoubtedly a degree of overlap between these and core liberal and socialist beliefs. Anarchism can, therefore, be said to occupy a middle ground wherein both socialism and liberalism reach their anti-statist conclusions.
Do you think globalization has furthered the neo-Kantian idea of “democratic peace”? Kant and the liberal-Internationalists[i] described an IR system where states that became liberal democracies would not attack each other due to their shared ideals and the interdependence of their economies through international trade and investment. This theory appears to have been largely confirmed when we evaluate the peace that has prevailed between liberal democracies (not necessarily all democracies) since there emergence over the last 200 years. The other side of Kant’s thesis, that the peace only holds between liberals and not between liberal and non-liberal states is also borne out by recent history. In fact, we will see, globalization may actually be increasing the potential for conflict between liberal and non-liberal states by increasing the root causes of conflict namely inequality, poverty and injustice[ii].
In F. A. Hayek’s Why I am not a Conservative, Hayek advocates the Free Society approach to government; while he breaks down why conservatism and socialism do not work. To Hayek a government that is liberal is the only ideology “that can protect human freedom and foster development” (Hayek, p. 1). Among his reasons for opposing conservatism was that “neither moral nor religious ideals are proper objects of coercion, while both conservatives and socialists recognize no such limits "(Hayek, p. 3), which shows how the liberal’s are less forceful than their conservative and socialist counterparts. Hayek goes on to make it clear that he does “not regard majority rule as an end but merely as a means, or perhaps even as the least evil of those forms
The Great Compromise would be formed in which Senate depended on one vote for each state and Congress was proportional to the amount of people in each state. States could no longer issue their own money and the Compromise supported Federalism. The difference between Federalists such as Hamilton who favored strong national government and Anti Federalists continued. The Federalist argued that state legislatures threatened liberty because there was no checks and balances. The Federal Constitution allowed for a national government, congress’ ability to declare war, and the ⅗ Compromise.
Brazil: Brazil’s regime is a liberal democracy. Brazil’s system is a presidential democracy with universal suffrage for the election of the President, and the legislature. The politics of Brazil has a numerous plurality of parties, due to a lack of election thresholds and a proportional voting system. Whilst the previous president Dilma Rousseff was impeached on charges of fiscal misconduct, Brazil should still be categorised as a liberal democracy, as that process showed an adherence to the rule of law, and also showed that there is accountability of the President. The Brazilian regime can further be considered a liberal democracy due to the civil and press liberties, free voting and the regular democratic change of governments.