Comparison/Contrast of Gendered and Racial Representation of Exile in Othello and Seasons of Migration

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The decline of colonial empires after Second World War led to the rise of several sovereign states in the Arab world and elsewhere. Most of these independent states have been significantly influenced by imperialism and colonialism. Consequently, the need to achieve a functional reality was very demanding as was the need for re-creating national identity, which had been partially or completely damaged, corrupted and marginalized. In this context, a new mode of writing emerges as an autonomous literature that foregrounds cultural conflicts and puts into question the relationship between the centre and the periphery. This suggests that Arab literature produced after the colonial era significantly and consciously questions and challenges Western cultural patterns of knowledge, which played a crucial role in fixing the relationship between Europe and the Arab world; a relationship based on naturalising the superiority and purity of Western civilization and the inferiority and corruption of Eastern one. Re-considering the connection between Europe plus the rest of the world is one of the ruling traits in the two stories that I have decided to analyse in this study. In this part, I will discuss the relationship between Europe and the colonial Others, concentrating further mainly on the genre of the stories as a model of drafting back to the centre. I will moreover endeavor to verify that the stories’s problematization of European systems of belief serves numerous ideas, some of which are to institute a discussion with, as well as to act against, European models of domination, by involving in a dialectical relationship between European colonial heritage and the re-created independent local identity. Manipulation of the victims is evident in both Othello and Mustafa. For instance, it is evident that Mustafa is vengeful against the women. Mustafa assigns himself the mission

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