Blood pressure and analysis Recording of Blood pressure and analysis of B/P reading Explain how blood pressure is measured using an aneroid sphygmomanometer? An aneroid sphygmomanometer is an instrument for measuring blood pressure in the arteries, especially one consisting of a pressure gauge and a rubber cuff that wraps around the upper arm and inflates to constrict the arteries. (www.answers.com) The principle of measurement consists in recording not the blood pressure directly in the artery but the arterial counter pressure by squeezing the artery on which the pressure is measured. The doctor uses a cuff, which will be gradually filled with air to press the artery below. The doctor/ nurse listens to, using his stethoscope, to the noise emitted by blood at the time of its passage in the artery.
As the now oxygenated blood flows back through the left atrium, it does so under increased pressure. However, the mitral valve which is made up of two triangular flaps, prevents blood from flowing back into the atrium once it enters the left ventricle atrium and instead continuing its journey through to the aorta. http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/mitral-valve The aortic valve: The aortic valve is located between the
This path will divide into even smaller branches that are known as bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are very small air sacs called alveoli. They deflate during exhalation and inflate when you inhale. The gas exchange of oxygen cycles through the lungs and then the blood stream as the walls of the alveoli shares the same walls with capillaries making the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide between the two very easy. The oxygen molecules attach to the red blood cells as the red blood cells move towards the heart, as the carbon dioxide is evacuated from the body by the exhale.
It starts with oxygen poor blood being pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries that subdivide into the lobar arteries in the lungs. The lobar arteries accompany the main bronchi into the lungs and then branches forming arterioles and then pulmonary capillaries that cling to alveoli. Here oxygen moves from the air sacs to the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood moves to the air sacs. Next, the pulmonary capillary beds drain into venules which join to form two pulmonary veins exiting each lung.
Place the steps for normal inhalation in order 12.Match the following a) Total volume of hair inhaled and exhaled each minute b) Tidal volume+ inspiratory reserve volume+ expiratory reserve volume c) Additional amount of air inhaled beyond tidal volume when taking a very deep breath d) Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume e) Amount of air remaining in lungs after expiratory reserve volume is expelled f) Tidal volume+ residual volume g) Vital capacity+ residual volume h) Volume of air in one breath i) Amount of air exhaled in forced exhalation following normal exhalation j) Provides a medical and legal tool for determining if a baby was born dead or died after birth. 13. Match the following a) Fuctions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils. b) Site
Central nervous system disturbances may be noted with decreased cardiac output. •Observe for chest pain or discomfort; note location, radiation, severity, quality, duration, associated manifestations such as nausea, and precipitating and relieving factors. Chest pain/discomfort is generally indicative of an inadequate blood supply to the heart, which can compromise cardiac output. Clients with heart failure can continue to have chest pain with angina or can re-infarct. •If chest pain is present, have client lie down, monitor cardiac rhythm, give oxygen, run a strip, medicate for pain, and notify the physician.
Spirometry A breathing test called Spirometry will often be carried out to assess how well your lungs work. This involves taking a deep breath and exhaling as fast as you can through a mouthpiece that is attached to a machine called a spirometer. The spirometer takes two measurements – the volume of air you can breathe out in the first second of exhalation and the total amount of air you breathe out. You may be asked to breathe into spirometer a few times to get an accurate reading. The readings are then compared with average measurements for people your age, sex and height, which can show if your airways are obstructed.
It is aslo used as a medicine used to prevent chest pain (also known as agnia). The medicine relaxes the blood vessels to the heart so the blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart increases. Nitroglycerin comes in sublingual tablets (also known as “under the tongue tablets”. These are placed under the tongue and let the dissolve), buccal tablets (also known as “long- acting tablets”. These are placed under the top lip, between the cheek and the gum and let it dissolve), and a spray which is held up-right as close to the mouth as possible, hold it a close to the mouth as possible and spray, then close the mouth immediately.
Invades nasopharynx where it replicates & spreads down to lower airway via aspiration of upper airway secretions. Causes necrosis of respiratory epithelium of small airways, peribronchiolar mononuclear infiltration & plugging of the lumens with mucus and exudate. The small airways become variably obstructed; this allows adequate inspiratory volume but prevents full expiration. This leads to hyperinflation & atelectasis. Serious alterations in gas exchange occur with arterial hypoxemia & CO2 retention resulting from mismatching of pulmonary ventilation (gas exchange w/in lungs) and perfusion.
Pressure waves travel throughout the blood vessels, which can be felt by the further movement of the blood. When the heart contract, blood is expelled into the aorta and the aorta stretches. At this point the wave of distention is most distinct, but comparatively slow-moving. As it travels towards the peripheral blood vessels, it progressively diminishes and becomes faster. In the large arterial branches, its velocity is 7 to 10 m/s; in the small arteries, it is 15 to 35 m/s.