Then in early industrial times, industrialisation separated the home and work for working class families, as they moved into cities to work in factories and mines. Whereas in modern industrial times, a symmetrical family emerges – which was due to geographical
WW1 ends – The ending of WW1 meant that the European countries were able to meet their own demands and therefore did not need any more supplies from America. Farmers suffered from overproduction and could not afford to keep their homes or pay mortgages, some farmers even decided to become sharecroppers. In 1924, 600,000 farmers went bankrupt. Also, there was stiff competition from Canadian, Australian and Argentinean farmers who were selling vast amounts of grain to the world market. Over-production – Fewer products such as cars, consumer good etc were not being sold as factories were making more goods than Americans needed or could afford to buy.
Nuclear families are of 2 generations, i.e. Parents and their children. Functionalists believe that industrialisation has led to an increase of nuclear families. In pre-industrialisation times, there were more extended families and was an agricultural society. The extended families worked together for production and to support each other until industrialisation began and referring back to Item B, the nuclear family became popular because it led to greater geographical mobility which means they will lose contact with the extended kin.
Over a number of years in the eighties, Amish people from towns in Indiana, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, Iowa, Plain City, Ohio, and Georgia, were interviewed and data was collected. It was found that slowly but surly social change amongst the Amish communities was occurring. Amish are being pressured towards modernization by american capitalist values such as maximum efficiency, quality control by standardization, and most of all competion. It difficult for small Amish farmers to compete with factory farms and large agri-businesses, when their beliefs and values do not allow them access to the necessary resources, and strongly discourage competition for it leads to pride. But in order to survive the Amish are cautiously making minor changes, such as allowing the use of tractors, as long as the wheels are steel not rubber to limit mobility.
INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE HISTORY OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY Michelle Gilruth The Social Issue of Unions There are many social issues that have affected manufacturing over the years. Many of these issues led to the formation of unions. Before unions, unskilled workers did not fair well. They received half the pay of skilled workers like craftsmen, artisans, and mechanics. Many people moved to cities to work in industry and about 40 percent of those workers were low-wage earners.1 As industry grew, women, children, and poor immigrants found themselves the main targets for work in factories.
Fox and Fumia commented that “the source of the stress on families is clear: economic changes have undercut the gendered division of labour on which nuclear families were built” (pg.458). They state that the government has cut back a lot of money that helped the working family, writing “cutbacks in social services generally have increased families (i.e. women’s) responsibilities for providing care for dependants” (pg.458). Fox and Fumia do not base their arguments on any research that they have conducted. Rather they are basing their facts on controversial issues.
In order to sustain this style of economy, high fertility rates were absolutely necessary to maintain the supply of labour demand without little care for literacy other than basic understanding of the bible. However during the post industrial age, the family economy was dramatically reshuffled with the family moving away from the status as a unit of production to a unit of consumption due to the process of industrialisation. Farming no longer required the same total of people as labour and children moved from a position of as assets to that of liability. The family economy was consumed by that of the Capitalist market which replaced the trend of self-sufficiency to consume and trade their goods at market to become wage labour in new industries such as factories, mills and mines. The wage labour system resulted in the wages saved to be used to consume and purchase and this was the force that had ultimately converted the family economy forever, with the outcome being the “modern family” of today.
New technology has changed the Pyrmont community, because it is able to open up new jobs, but also causes decline in jobs that are already there. Such as in the 1980s when the large freight industry was moved out of Pyrmont, due to the improvement of cargo ships, which enable more stocks to be transported, but could no longer fit in the docks of Pyrmont. These caused thousands of residents to leave Pyrmont in search of jobs that were lost at the docks, with thousands of men gone, businesses around Pyrmont quickly followed, as they made no money were they were. The development of transport has also changed Pyrmont, with more frequent services, many people living outside Pyrmont are still able to work there, getting there either by train, bus, taxis or car. New technology also changes work patterns in Pyrmont.
He took it that the family reduced in size in industrialised societies because functions moved elsewhere, due to the need for geographic mobility and because status came through merit not through family identification. | When it became smaller, the family had to organise itself in a specialised manner to work. Parsons assumed the man would work following an instrumental logic of income generation. This meant he relied on the expressive abilities of the wife who also organised the home and children. In this particularly patriarchal view, Parsons' analysis was called the warm bath theory as a kind of ironic commentary on the man's ability to have his stresses washed away thanks to his wife in an over-positive view of a loving household.
It is assumed that in modern industrial societies, family life is no longer patriarchal. As the demographic trends of divorce and widowhood lead to matrifocal families, Post-modernists believe that as matrifocal families are becoming a norm in modern industrial societies. The status of men as the breadwinner and decision-maker of the family is becoming less dominant due to this dual role being taken on by single mothers. Women have also begun to live longer and often become widows as men have a lower life expectancy rate, leading to the creation of beanpole families. Furthermore, Breen and Cooke (2004) suggest the variation in the gendered division of domestic labour by identifying three types of women and three types of men.Post-modernists reject the idea that family life in modern industrial societies is still patriarchal as there are generalisations and over-exaggerations made at the extent of men's power over women in society.