Louis P Gangarosa et al said iontophoresis of lidocaine drug can provide deeply analgesic effects with shorter time span. The study was showing result of lidocaine hydrochloride decreasing pain. Pain was decreased due to lidocaine drug penetrate more deeply Penetration of lidocaine ion through stratum corneum . Stratum corneum is most resistance layer of the skin iontophoresis lidocaine transfer through this layer Kalbitz et al 1996. Lidocaine ion transfer all layers of tissue through active electrode including ligaments and tendon Massimiliano Nino et al 2010.
ACTIVITY 2 Studying the Effect of Blood Viscosity on Blood Flow Rate 1. Describe the components in the blood that affect viscosity. The plasma, red and white blood cells, and platelets cause resistance as they travel through vessels. 2. Explain the effect that the viscosity change had on flow rate.
Blood vessels, if constricted, increase SVR and blood pressure while vasodilation decreases SVR and blood pressure. The longer the length of the blood vessel(s), the greater the SVR, therefore, the greater the resistance, the greater the cardiac output and blood pressure must be to overcome the
The arteries carry nutrients and oxygenated blood to the body’s tissues. The veins return de-oxygenated blood to the heart, where the cycle repeats itself continuously. However the blood vessels have a closed type of cardiovascular system in which blood doesn’t come in direct contact with the body tissues. Instead the blood flows in restricted pathways called blood vessels. The blood vessels are pathways of blood flow in the body.
When Hemoglobin releases oxygen As the hemoglobin travels, it will encounter places when the Ph is lower, and the CO2 is higher. These states will cause the hemoglobin to release some of its oxygen to the surrounding tissues. The structure will again relax as it releases the oxygen from its iron. once this happens, the color becomes a dull red, or possibly blueish, depending on the individual and any cardiopulmonary conditions they might have. Differences • Structure is tense (releasing O20 or relaxed (accepting O2).
Nitroglycerin is a smooth muscle relaxer and vasodilator. This drug provides myocardial oxygen which reduces myocardial wall tension. Reduction in myocardial wall tension corresponds with lower systolic pressure. Beta blockers are antagonistic beta receptor blockers which act on the heart to reduce the amount of work the cardiac muscles have to do. By blocking beta receptors, the heart rate will be slowed and reduces demand for oxygen and contractility.
Angiotension II causes vasoconstriction, which raises the blood pressure. Angiotension II also stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal gland. This leads to increased sodium reabsorption by the kidneys, which causes water to follow it, which then increases intravascular volume. The increased vasoconstriction and increased blood volume raise the blood pressure. Additionally, the perceived hypovolumic status causes the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary.
When stressed our immune system’s ability to fight off viral infections is reduced due to a decrease of white blood cells. This is known as immunosuppression, this occurs when the stress hormone corticosteroid is present from a stress response and lowers the number of lymphocytes such as B-cells and T-cells . Stress can have two types of effects, a direct effect or an indirect effect. The direct effect is when stress affects our health directly, for example, when stressed our digestive system is inhibited, after stress is gone, the digestive activity increases, this can lead to the occurrence of Ulcers in the stomach. Stress also increases the heart rate and can lead to the increase of blood pressure, thus Hypertension and can lead to Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).
The only “prokinetic” (meaning it increases the tone and motility of the GI tract) agent currently available. Used for GERD, N/V, diabetic gastroparesis, and postoperative emesis. A common side effect is DIARRHEA and will likely need to hold the medication if diarrhea occurs. A more troublesome side effect with long-term use is tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder that is usually permanent. • S=“Statins”.
Cardiovascular Function Introduction: Cardiovascular function involves the distribution of oxygen and blood to cells of organs, tissues and muscles in the human body, and returns deoxygenated blood and wastes for disposal. It maintains body temperature and pH. An average adult contains 4.7 to 5.7 litres of blood. ‘A person’s pulse is the throbbing of their arteries as an affect of the heart beat’. Pressure waves travel throughout the blood vessels, which can be felt by the further movement of the blood.