The psychodynamic theory of offending believes criminality is caused by abnormal development of the psyche. The theory explains criminality happening for 4 different reasons, first being a weak superego as it doesn't punish them for acting on impulses from the id, second being a deviant superego as it has deviant values so doesn't react to certain crimes, third being a strong superego as they commit a crime to be punished to rid the guilt imposed by the superego or they suppress so much anger and frustration that one day they 'explode' releasing it in one go, and forth being maternal deprivation (proposed by Bowlby) as it leads to affectionless psychopathy so they can't form meaningful relationships. A major problem with the psychodynamic theory is that the concepts are difficult to test, and it relies on the unconscious mind which is impossible to prove meaning there is no empirical evidence. The biological approach can also be argued as difficult to test or proved because the CNS, ANS and endocrine system are very complex and interact with each other in a complex way, and because of this they are still not completely understood. The biological research is arguably better than the psychodynamic research because it relies on quantitative and objective data which will be interpreted the same by
For example, one of the main constituents of a phobia is generally described as being where the ‘anxiety causes interference with the functioning of a normal life’, but what if different doctors had different ideas of what a normal life was? You would be classed as phobic by one and not by the other. Another main issue relating to the classification of phobias is the fact that an anxiety disorder may present differently in different cultures, so it is not universalisable. For example, in Japan people can get diagnosed with phobias of offending people through one’s own awkwardness, but in Western countries this doesn’t exist. This is probably because in Japan there
By using surveys, we will be able to obtain information which cannot be observed directly, which will not translate into a conclusion. Additionally, observations will not be an adequate source of information as it could be misinterpreted based on the perspective of the observer. Biological and Psychological Depression Depression is a commonly recognized as a mental disorder. Reasons for biological depression vary greatly, which allows for a widespread approach to conducting research to uncover the true cause. This research has greatly benefited our understanding of brain functions.
Beck’s cognitive therapy aims to change people’s |Building on the basic processes of learning, behavioral |Psychodynamic therapy seeks to bring unresolved past | |Approach |illogical thoughts about themselves and the world. |treatment approaches make this fundamental assumption: |conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious | | |However, cognitive therapy is considerably less |Both abnormal behavior and normal behavior are learned. |into the conscious, where patients may deal with the | | |confrontational and challenging than rational-emotive |People who act abnormally either have failed to learn the |problems more effectively. Psychodynamic approaches are | | |behavior therapy. Instead of the therapist’s actively |skills they need to cope with the problems of everyday |based on Freud’s psychoanalytic approach to personality, | | |arguing with clients about their dysfunctional cognitions,|living or have acquired faulty skills and patterns that |which holds that individuals employ defense mechanisms, | | |cognitive therapists more often play the role of teacher.
For example, one psychologist may use descriptive psychopathology to which will strive to provide answers for symptoms or mental illness. Either way, psychopathology is formally used to study mental illness or the distresses which may be affecting an individual. The issues of the abnormal psychology will assist in the study by the way we would use it in the attempt to capture interest, trigger concerns, and demands our attention. It also brings us to form and ask certain questions pertaining to any study. Psychopathology is not the same as psychopathy, which has to do with antisocial
Cognitive therapy makes the assumption that thoughts precede moods and that false self-beliefs lead to negative emotions (Magnavita 2012). Cognitive therapy aims to help the patient recognize and reassess his patterns of negative thoughts and replace them with positive thoughts that more closely reflect reality. Cognitive therapy recognizes 10 common patterns of faulty thinking, which are known as cognitive distortions.All-or-Nothing Thinking: Failing to recognize that there may be some middle ground. Characterized by absolute terms like always, never, and forever. Overgeneralization: Taking an isolated case and assuming that all others are the same.
In the scenario, Emergency department staff members were likely shaken by this poor outcome of Mr. B., and would be motivated to change to a safer model just to avoid a repeat in the future. Staff members may be reluctant to change because of established habits in patient flow. This reluctance to change would be an identifiable restraining force, which opposes process improvement. Implementing a model which allows for rapid, safe adjustment to increasing acuity would help avoid poor outcomes in the future. Follow-up is
I believe when they are on it too long, the brain develops wrong and can cripple them mentally in the long run. I feel that some doctors have a lack of understanding on these conditions and just give out medication to hopefully fix the problem, only in the short term. People need to learn to cope with their problems without
In moderate to severe traumatic brain injury there could be permanent memory loss, trouble with speech and loss of coordination among other visible and invisible symptoms. Since the individual did not have these issues prior to the injury they will most likely have a negative effect at first. Due to the loss of abilities, they may experience mood changes, anger, depression or anxiousness. These internal psychological challenges may also be compounded by the social anxiety they may feel. Unfortunately, the general society is unforgiving toward those with special needs or differences.
Do memories of the past often sway people from learning from the past? Some claim that memories obstruct people’s ability to learn from the past, stating that certain unfavorable moments remain scorched in the memories to prevent people from being able to learn anything from them. However, this stance is flawed. Memories, whether good or bad, aid people in learning from the events that have occurred in the past and ultimately lead them to succeed. The examples of Steven Jobs, Sir Earnest Shackleton, and Hester Prynne substantiate this point.