This element is innate – it is present from birth. The superego, or the morality principle, is the conscience of the mind- it understands right from wrong. It is in constant conflict with the Id, and develops during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. The third element, the Ego, acts as a mediator between the two and at times uses defence mechanisms to shield the conscious from the Id and its desires. Freud also proposed a theory he understood to be the “structure of the mind”.
“Psychology as the behaviourist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behaviour.” (Watson, 1913, p.158) Watson suggested the elimination of states of consciousness as proper objects of investigation to allow psychology to conform to his ideal definition of science, which is strictly empirical. Watson limits psychology to objective experimental means to explain, predict and control behaviour, which in itself is a result either directly or indirectly of mental processing. The psychological definition of behaviour is; an aggregate of the reactions, responses and/or movements made by an organism in any given situation. Superficially this may seem to agree with Watson’s claims, however to refute the existence of the mind and mental processes as you will see, is to remove all chances of ever explaining the true origin of human behaviour.
White (2012) Weaknesses – “With the humanistic theory, you are in control of your personality on a conscious level and with the biological theory; your genetics controls your personality. With the biological theory your personality is set at birth while the humanistic theory you are solely responsible for your personality.” Swan
Each man had their own personal theory about the unconscious mind. To understand the differences lets discuss, “One of the first cases that inspired Freud in the development of what would eventually become the Psychoanalytic Theory was the case of Anna O.” (Hurst, 1982) “Freud’s greatest contribution to personality theory is his exploration of the unconscious and his insistence that people are motivated primarily by drives of which they have little or no awareness.” (Feist, 2009) Freud takes this further by dividing the unconscious into the unconscious and the preconscious. “The unconscious contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions.” (Feist, 2009) This notion was explained as one that dreams, slips of the tongue and forgetting were projected from the unconscious mind. Freud model of mental life was the conscious (ego), preconscious (superego) and the unconscious (id). Considering Freud’s theory it appears that Anna O. had a past which was stored deep into the unconscious that was affecting the mental and physical part of her life.
This theory was very different from Freud’s as Jung believed the human mind has innate characteristics “imprinted” on it as a result of evolution. ‘The form of the world into which a person is born is already inborn in him, as a virtual image’ Evolution and Literary Theory (Carrol, p. 156). He thought that fear of the dark, or of snakes and spiders might be examples of a universal predispositions stem from the ancestral past, even more important than isolated tendencies are those aspects of the collective unconscious that have developed into separate sub-systems of the personality, this he called these ancestral memories and images archetypes. Perhaps one of the most widely accepted and invaluable contributions to personality theories came from Abraham Maslow. With his creation of the Hierarchy of Needs, Maslow changed the way psychologist look at human behavior.
These other sociologists are interpretivists and their approach is contrasting to that of Durkheim's, which positivists seek to build upon. Suicide is ubiqutious as there is no period of history with no record of suicide, and there are no societies where suicide does not occur. It has also been studied for an extremely long time, for example Mazayrk produced a study of suicide in 1881. Positivism is the belief that society can and should be studied scientifically. This approach believes that the goal of sociology should be to produce laws to explain the observed patterns in human behaviour.
Wordplay is the reason why most politicians seem to be lawyers not politicians. The questions brought up have been and always been either avoided or rather ingeniously walked around since the establishment of our constitution. Was it because our forefathers didn’t have an exact answer, did they foresee possible problems and left it open to time. Either way the lack of exact translation has shaped America and allowed alternate ideals to flourish. The author brings a question that although it almost has an obvious answer has been and still is a strong problem in the establishment of a fair and equal nation, and that question is “Who Is A Person”.
On the other hand, the nobility had many rights. Today it’s greatly known that the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were well influenced from the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment thinkers argued against these traditions, and called for individual freedoms, governments of the people, and religious freedom. They were "enlightened" because they believed that humans could answer questions for them, and sought ways to put this philosophy into practice. John Locke, an Enlightenment thinker, highly influenced the Declaration of Independence.
The film’s narrator is not a whole person; he is merely the representation of a person’s ego that, for the duration of the film, lets go of the reigns of control attached to his id. Freud stressed that human behavior is a result of “intrapsychic forces in conflict” and that in order to analyze these forces he had to find ways of tapping into the unconscious of his patients. He believed that there are three elements of personality: the id, the ego, and the super-ego. The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is completely unconscious and includes instinctive behavior, and is the primary component of your personality.
Freud was convinced that people have powerful hidden mental processes which lead to the foundation of his work later in life. By the mid 1890’s Freud had almost given up hypnosis as he was never considered a great